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"Late blight"
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Rot : a history of the Irish famine
In the nineteenth century, as Britain became the world's most powerful industrial empire, Ireland starved. The Great Famine fractured long-held assumptions about political economy and 'civilisation', threatening disorder in Britain itself. Ireland was a laboratory for empire, shaping British ideas about colonisation, population, ecology and work. Scanlan reinterprets the history of this time and the result is a revelatory account of the Irish Great Famine (1845-1851).
BOOK
Melatonin attenuates potato late blight by disrupting cell growth, stress tolerance, fungicide susceptibility and homeostasis of gene expression in Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) is the causal agent of potato late blight, which caused the devastating Irish Potato Famine during 1845-1852. Until now, potato late blight is still the most serious threat to potato growth and has caused significant economic losses worldwide. Melatonin can induce plant innate immunity against pathogen infection, but the direct effects of melatonin on plant pathogens are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of melatonin on P. infestans. Exogenous melatonin significantly attenuated the potato late blight by inhibiting mycelial growth, changing cell ultrastructure, and reducing stress tolerance of P. infestans. Notably, synergistic anti-fungal effects of melatonin with fungicides on P. infestans suggest that melatonin could reduce the dose levels and enhance the efficacy of fungicide against potato late blight. A transcriptome analysis was carried out to mine downstream genes whose expression levels were affected by melatonin. The analysis of the transcriptome suggests that 66 differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid metabolic processes were significantly affected by melatonin. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes associated with stress tolerance, fungicide resistance, and virulence were also affected. These findings contribute to a new understanding of the direct functions of the melatonin on P. infestans and provide a potential ecofriendly biocontrol approach using a melatonin-based paradigm and application to prevent potato late blight.
Journal Article
The Irish Potato Famine : a cause-and-effect investigation
\"Discover how the great Irish potato famine affected the country's citizens through gripping personal accounts and striking visuals. Explore the way people's choices and actions affected the disaster through the lens of cause and effect.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Address the growing urgency of fungal disease in crops
More political and public awareness of the plight of the world’s crops when it comes to fungal disease is crucial to stave off a major threat to global food security.
More political and public awareness of the plight of the world’s crops when it comes to fungal disease is crucial to stave off a major threat to global food security.
A dark cloud of dust from smut surrounds a machine harvesting crops on a sunny day
Journal Article
On the expansion of biological functions of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) constitute an enigmatic class of enzymes, the discovery of which has opened up a new arena of riveting research. LPMOs can oxidatively cleave the glycosidic bonds found in carbohydrate polymers enabling the depolymerisation of recalcitrant biomasses, such as cellulose or chitin. While most studies have so far mainly explored the role of LPMOs in a (plant) biomass conversion context, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. In the present review, we propose a historical perspective of LPMO research providing a succinct overview of the major achievements of LPMO research over the past decade. This journey through LPMOs landscape leads us to dive into the emerging biological functions of LPMOs and LPMO-like proteins. We notably highlight roles in fungal and oomycete plant pathogenesis (e.g. potato late blight), but also in mutualistic/commensalism symbiosis (e.g. ectomycorrhizae). We further present the potential importance of LPMOs in other microbial pathogenesis including diseases caused by bacteria (e.g. pneumonia), fungi (e.g. human meningitis), oomycetes and viruses (e.g. entomopox), as well as in (micro)organism development (including several plant pests). Our assessment of the literature leads to the formulation of outstanding questions, promising for the coming years exciting research and discoveries on these moonlighting proteins.
Journal Article
Stacking three late blight resistance genes from wild species directly into African highland potato varieties confers complete field resistance to local blight races
Summary Considered responsible for one million deaths in Ireland and widespread famine in the European continent during the 1840s, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, remains the most devastating disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with about 15%–30% annual yield loss in sub‐Saharan Africa, affecting mainly smallholder farmers. We show here that the transfer of three resistance (R) genes from wild relatives [RB, Rpi‐blb2 from Solanum bulbocastanum and Rpi‐vnt1.1 from S. venturii] into potato provided complete resistance in the field over several seasons. We observed that the stacking of the three R genes produced a high frequency of transgenic events with resistance to late blight. In the field, 13 resistant transgenic events with the 3R‐gene stack from the potato varieties ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grew normally without showing pathogen damage and without any fungicide spray, whereas their non‐transgenic equivalent varieties were rapidly killed. Characteristics of the local pathogen population suggest that the resistance to late blight may be long‐lasting because it has low diversity, and essentially consists of the single lineage, 2_A1, which expresses the cognate avirulence effector genes. Yields of two transgenic events from ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grown without fungicide to reflect small‐scale farm holders were estimated to be 29 and 45 t/ha respectively. This represents a three to four‐fold increase over the national average. Thus, these late blight resistant potato varieties, which are the farmers’ preferred varieties, could be rapidly adopted and bring significant income to smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Journal Article
Late blight resistance genes in potato breeding
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. In 2020, potato production was estimated to be more than 359 million tons according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Potato is affected by many pathogens, among which Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight, is of the most economic importance. Crop protection against late blight requires intensive use of fungicides, which has an impact on the environment and humans. Therefore, new potato cultivars have been bred using resistance genes against P. infestans (Rpi genes) that originate from wild relatives of potato. Such programmes were initiated 100 years ago, but the process is complex and long. The development of genetic engineering techniques has enabled the direct transfer of resistance genes from potato wild species to cultivars and easier pyramiding of multiple Rpi genes, which potentially increases the durability and spectrum of potato resistance to rapidly evolving P. infestans strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning Rpi genes. We also discuss the use of Rpi genes in breeding as well as their detection in existing potato cultivars. Last, we review new sources of Rpi genes and new methods used to identify them and discuss interactions between P. infestans and host.
Journal Article
Identification of QTL associated with plant vine characteristics and infection response to late blight, early blight, and Verticillium wilt in a tetraploid potato population derived from late blight-resistant Palisade Russet
Potato late blight (causal agent Phytophthora infestans ) is a disease of potatoes with economic importance worldwide. Control is primarily through field monitoring and the application of fungicides. Control of late blight with fungicides and host plant resistance is difficult, with documented cases of such control measures failing with the advent of new pathotypes of P. infestans . To better understand host plant resistance and to develop more durable late blight resistance, Quantitative Trait Locus/Loci (QTL) analysis was conducted on a tetraploid mapping population derived from late blight-resistant potato cultivar Palisade Russet. Additionally, QTL analyses for other traits such as Verticillium wilt and early blight resistance, vine size and maturity were performed to identify a potential relationship between multiple traits and prepare genetic resources for molecular markers useful in breeding programs. For this, one hundred ninety progenies from intercrossing Palisade Russet with a late blight susceptible breeding clone (ND028673B-2Russ) were assessed. Two parents and progenies were evaluated over a two-year period for response to infection by the US-8 genotype of P. infestans in inoculated field screenings in Corvallis, Oregon. In Aberdeen, Idaho, the same mapping population was also evaluated for phenotypic response to early blight and Verticillium wilt, and vine size and maturity in a field over a two-year period. After conducting QTL analyses with those collected phenotype data, it was observed that chromosome 5 has a significant QTL for all five traits. Verticillium wilt and vine maturity QTL were also observed on chromosome 1, and vine size QTL was also found on chromosomes 3 and 10. An early blight QTL was also detected on chromosome 2. The QTL identified in this study have the potential for converting into breeder-friendly molecular markers for marker-assisted selection.
Journal Article
Mechanisms underlying the biocontrol activity of Serratia marcescens YNAU-SM-1 against Phytophthora infestans in potato
The use of beneficial microorganisms offers a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for managing plant diseases. This study aimed to investigate the biocontrol potential and underlying mechanisms of
Serratia marcescens
(YNAU-SM-1) for controlling potato late blight caused by
Phytophthora infestans
. Dual culture assay, fluorescent dye staining, spore germination inhibition assays, in vitro bioassays, greenhouse experiments, and biochemical analyses of defense-related enzymes and osmotic regulators were conducted to determine the effects of YNAU-SM-1 using
P. infestans
HJG02 as a target pathogen. Dual culture assays revealed that YNAU-SM-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of
P. infestans
HJG02 by 70.26%. Abnormal hyphal expansion and excessive branching were also observed under microscopic observations. Fluorescent dye staining revealed that YNAU-SM-1 induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
P. infestans
HJG02, leading to sporangial inactivation. Spore germination inhibition assays suggested the bacterial strain strongly inhibited sporangial direct germination (98.86%), zoospore release (70.13%), and cystospore germination (100%). Detached leaf, tuber slice, and greenhouse assays confirmed the efficacy of YNAU-SM-1, with disease control efficiencies of 67.62%, 65.48%, and 71.04% under preventive, simultaneous, and curative treatments, respectively. Biochemical analyses indicated that YNAU-SM-1 increased soluble protein and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and altered the general trend of peroxidase (POD), and soluble sugar content in potato leaves. These findings suggest that YNAU-SM-1 suppresses
P. infestans
HJG02 through both direct antagonism and the induction of host defenses, highlighting its potential as an effective biocontrol agent for managing potato late blight.
Journal Article
Exploration of anti-oomycete components from wild plants against Phytophthora infestans
Late blight caused by
severely threatens potato production, necessitating novel natural fungicide.
Ethanol extracts from 11 wild plants were screened for anti-oomycete activity. Active extracts from
and
were fractionated. The petroleum ether fraction and aqueous fraction were evaluated for effects on mycelial growth, morphology, spore germination, pathogenicity, stress response, and synergy with fungicide Infinito. Components were analyzed by LC-MS.
and
extracts showed the highest inhibition (88.3% and 81.3%). the petroleum ether fraction of
and the aqueous fraction of
exhibited strong activity (IC
: 115.78 and 649.59 μg/mL), inhibited diverse isolates, and altered hyphal morphology. Spore germination reduced to 27.19% and 31.80%. Both fractions reduced tuber pathogenicity and showed stress tolerance. Combined with Infinito (IC
), enhanced inhibition was observed. LC-MS tentatively identified 20 components each, primarily flavonoids and phenolics.
This study elucidated that the petroleum ether fraction of
and the aqueous fraction of
are potential natural anti-oomycete resources, providing a basis for the development of environmentally friendly inhibitors against late blight.
Journal Article