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During the last years, in different national contexts, emerged debates about what religious and non-religious groups call “gender ideology”. This paper tries to retrace this term’s genealogy to comprehend the political grammar in which it works. With this objective, the paper investigates texts that defined “gender ideology” around twenty years ago, maps where it emerges in Latin America and when it starts to be used against sexual and reproductive rights. Human rights’ demands have been understood by moral enterpreneurs as threats to status quo creating, at the same time, a moral panic and a discoursive field of action.

01 02 This book investigates the diffusion of gender equality norms in and between the European Union (EU), South America and Southern Africa. It offers an in-depth analysis of the trajectories of norms on gender-based violence and gender mainstreaming of aid and trade. The study proposes a novel theoretical framework that enables scholars to grasp the constant renegotiation of gender equality norms in the dynamics between transnational, national and (inter)regional actor constellations. Moving beyond the predominant 'global-local' approach, it conceptualizes norm diffusion as a multidirectional and polycentric process. The empirical chapters show how new geometries of transnational activism have developed. Last but not least, the text explores how the landscapes through which norms travel impact on the norms as well as on their diffusion, revealing the underlying logics that explain the differences in the strengths of gender equality norms as well as the differences between the EU, Mercosur, Organization of American States and Southern African Development Community. 04 02 1. Introducing the Book; Anna van der Vleuten, Anouka van Eerdewijk and Conny Roggeband PART I 2. Regional Governance, Gender and Transnationalism: A First Exploration; Anna van der Vleuten and Anouka van Eerdewijk 3. Gender Equality Norm Diffusion and Actor Constellations: A First Exploration; Anouka van Eerdewijk and Conny Roggeband PART II 4. EU and the Export of Gender Equality Norms: Myth and Facts; Alison E. Woodward and Anna van der Vleuten 5. Gender Mainstreaming in EU Development Policy towards Southern Africa and South America; Petra Debusscher 6. Gender Mainstreaming in Mercosur and in Mercosur-EU Trade Relations; Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann 7. Latin American Advocacy on Violence Against Women and the OAS Convention; Conny Roggeband 8. Gender Mainstreaming in SADC and in SADC-EU Trade Relations; Anna van der Vleuten and Merran Hulse 9. Regional Advocacy on Violence Against Women and the SADC Gender Protocol; Anouka van Eerdewijk and Joni van de Sand PART III 10. Reconceptualizing Gender Equality Norm Diffusion and Regional Governance: Logics and Geometries; Conny Roggeband, Anouka van Eerdewijk and Anna van der Vleuten 16 02 No direct competitors but the following would be considered related titles, Abels, G. and J. Mushaben (eds) (2012), Gendering the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Acharya, A. (2004) 'How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism'. International Organization, Vol. 58, Spring, 239-75. Acharya, A. and A.I. Johnston (eds) (2007), Crafting Cooperation. Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Adams, M. and A. Kang (2005) 'Regional Advocacy Networks and the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa', Politics & Gender, 3, 451-474. Carpenter, C. (2006) Innocent women and children: gender, norms and the protection of civilians, Aldershot: Ashgate. De Lombaerde, Ph. and M. Schulz (eds) (2009), The EU and World Regionalism, Aldershot: Ashgate. Doidge, M. (2011), The European Union and Interregionalism. Patterns of Engagement, Aldershot: Ashgate. Elgstrom, O. (2000) 'Norm negotiations. The construction of new norms regarding gender and development in EU foreign aid policy'. Journal of European Public Policy 7(3): 457-76. Hänggi, H., Roloff, R. and Rüland, J. (eds) (2006) Interregionalism and International Relations. London and New York: Routledge. Joachim, J. (2007), Agenda Setting, The UN, and NGOs. Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. Joachim, J. and B. Locher (eds) (2009), Transnational Activism in the UN and the EU: A Comparative Study, London and New York: Routledge. Kantola, J. (2010), Gender and the European Union, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. Keck, M. and K. Sikkink (1998), Activists beyond borders, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Klotz, A. (1995), Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Knodt, M. and Princen, S. (eds) (2003) Understanding the European Union's External Relations. London and New York: Routledge. Krook, M.L. and J. True (2012), 'Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality', European Journal of International Relations, 18: 103-127 Liebert, U. (ed.) (2003), Gendering Europeanisation, Brussels: Peter Lang. Lister, M. and Carbone, M. (eds) (2006) New Pathways in International Development. Gender and Civil Society in EU Policy. Aldershot: Ashgate. Manners, I. (2002), 'Normative Power Europe: a Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2): 235-258. Marchand, M. and A. Sisson Runyan (2011), Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances. London: Routledge. Marx Ferree, M. and A.M. Tripp (eds) (2006) Global Feminism: Women's Transnational Activism, Organizations and Human Rights, New York: New York University Press. Merry, S.E. (2006), 'Transational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle', American Anthropologist, 108(1), 38-51. Meyer, M.K. and E. Prügl (eds) (1999) Gender Politics and Global Governance, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Moghadam, Valentine M. (2005) Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminist Networks. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Montoya, Celeste (2009), 'International Initiative and Domestic Reforms: European Union Efforts to Combat Violence Against Women', Politics & Gender, 5, 325-348. Orbie, J. (ed.) (2008) Europe's Global Role. External Policies of the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate. Ribeiro Hoffmann, A. and A. van der Vleuten (eds) (2007) Closing or Widening the Gap? Legitimacy and Democracy in Regional Integration Organizations. Aldershot: Ashgate. Risse, Th., S. Ropp and K. Sikkink (eds) (1999) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shaw, T., A. Grant and S. Cornelissen (eds) (2011), The Ashgate Research Companion to Regionalisms, Aldershot: Ashgate. Shepherd, L. (2008), Gender, Violence and Security, London & New York: Zed Books. Söderbaum, F. and Van Langenhove, L. (eds) (2006) The EU as a Global Player. The Politics of Interregionalism. London and New York: Routledge. Söderbaum, F. and T. West (eds) (2003), Theories of New Regionalism. A Palgrave Reader, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Tarrow, S. (2005) The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. True, J. and Mintrom, M. (2001), Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming. International Studies Quarterly, 45: 27–57 Van der Vleuten, A. (2007), The Price of Gender Equality. Member States and Governance in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate. Verloo, M. (ed.) (2007) Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality in Europe, Budapest: Central European University Press. Walby, S. (2009) Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. Los Angeles, London; Sage. Zwingel, S. (2011), 'How Do Norms Travel? Theorizing International Women's Rights in Transnational Perspective', International Studies Quarterly, 56, 115-129. 08 02 The book succeeds in bringing together research on transnational norm diffusion with comparative regionalism. The combination provides a fresh perspective on how global norms of gender equality are contested and negotiated when they travel from the global to the regional level.   Professor Tanja A. Börzel, Jean Monnet Chair and Director of the Center for European Integration, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Bringing together insights from international relations, feminist scholarship, policy analysis, social movement theory and development studies, this book develops a novel theoretical framework to examine the contribution of regional norms and governance institutions to the advancement of gender equality. Drawing on the meso-level of regional governance in the EU, the OAS and Mercosur in South America, and SADC in Southern Africa, the book shows how norms translate, travel, and change in the dynamics between transnational, national, regional and interregional actors. Feminist scholars, social movement specialists, and students of transnational governance will all profit from this rich collection of interdisciplinary research. Sidney Tarrow, Emeritus Professor of Political Science and Sociology, Department of Government, Cornell University, USA \"This innovative study brings together insights from regional institutionalism and norm diffusion to illuminate the complex geometry of global gender equality norms. Employing a unique comparative empirical examination of four regional institutions, the collection reveals the multi-level, multi-actor, and multi-directional processes of gendered norm diffusion. Study results decenter assumptions of European dominance and reveal the importance of long-term engagement by flexible, principled feminist networks.\" Elisabeth Jay Friedman, Professor of Politics and Latin American Studies, University of San Francisco 02 02 This book analyses the diffusion of norms concerning gender-based violence and gender mainstreaming of aid and trade between the EU, South America and Southern Africa. Norm diffusion is conceptualized as a truly multidirectional and polycentric process, shaped by regional governance and resulting in new geometries of transnational activism. 13 02 Anna van der Vleuten is Associate Professor of European Integration at the Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and Associate Fellow of the Potsdam Centrum für Politik und Management, Germany. Her research focuses on comparative regionalism, gender equality policies, LGBT rights and the political role of supranational courts. She is the author of The Price of Gender Equality: Member States and Governance in the European Union and the co-editor of Closing or Wid

\"Ariel Dorfman's latest collection is an emotionally raw yet measured assessment of the United States after the election of Donald Trump, highlighting the troubling parallels between Trump and repressive regimes of the past\"--Jacket flap.

Does it matter that working-class citizens are numerically underrepresented in political offices throughout the world? For decades, the conventional wisdom in comparative politics has been that it does not, that lawmakers from different classes think and behave roughly the same in office. In this article, we argue that this conclusion is misguided. Past research relied on inappropriate measures of officeholders' class backgrounds, attitudes, and choices. Using data on 18 Latin American legislatures, we show that lawmakers from different classes bring different economic attitudes to the legislative process. Using data on one least likely case, we also show that pre-voting decisions like sponsoring legislation often differ dramatically along social class lines, even when political parties control higher-visibility decisions like roll-call votes. The unequal numerical or descriptive representation of social classes in the world's legislatures has important consequences for the substantive representation of different class interests.

Based on longitudinal ethnographic work, the authors of this special issue on the politics of the urban poor examine how regional events as well as scholarly traditions in these places have influenced the way the categories of the urban poor and of politics have emerged in both scholarly and public discourse. As the discussions that follow make clear, the relation between urban processes and city forms is a volatile one, and this volatility in turn has a decisive effect on how the poor emerge as political actors. Further, liberal forms of citizenship are but one form among others that become materialized through the claims that the poor make on the state. More importantly, the essays show that the socialities that undergird the lives of the poor are constantly being shaped by the experiences of precarity that go beyond material scarcity.

This brief article is designed to highlight an unfortunate discrepancy in the field of Latin American political economy. The field’s raison d’être has never been more compelling. Latin American societies have simultaneously been experiencing profound transformations—including democratic consolidation, demographic transition, and the growth of identity politics—and a palpable sense of déjà vu animated by the recovery of commodity prices and the return of populism. In a nutshell, the region is undergoing a deep economic transformation, which takes place in the context of unprecedented levels of political participation.