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"Latin American region"
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Global Mexican cultural productions
\"This co-edited volume is the first book to incorporate a transdisciplinary approach that examines transnational Mexican cultural productions through a variety of analytical perspectives. The authors propose a multilayered reading of contemporary transnational cultural manifestations in which it is possible to recognize challenges and cultural strategies that transnational Mexican communities conceive in order to claim cultural, political and social agency. The essays, interviews, and poetry included in this volume elaborate on the creation of new forms of citizenship that reshape the long history of exclusion that has marked the experience of these particular groups not only in the United States but also in what is geo-politically defined as Mexico\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Making visible the cost of informal caregivers’ time in Latin America: a case study for major cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases in eight countries
Background
Informal care is a key element of health care and well-being for society, yet it is scarcely visible and rarely studied in health economic evaluations. This study aims to estimate the time use and cost associated with informal care for cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia and ten different cancers in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru).
Methods
We carried out an exhaustive literature review on informal caregivers’ time use, focusing on the selected diseases. We developed a survey for professional caregivers and conducted expert interviews to validate this data in the local context. We used an indirect estimate through the interpolation of the available data, for those cases in which we do not found reliable information. We used the proxy good method to estimate the monetary value of the use of time of informal care. National household surveys databases were processed to obtain the average wage per hour of a proxy of informal caregiver. Estimates were expressed in 2020 US dollars.
Results
The study estimated approximately 1,900 million hours of informal care annually and $ 4,300 million per year in average informal care time cost for these fifteen diseases and eight countries analyzed. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for an informal care burden that ranged from 374 to 555 h per year, while cancers varied from 512 to 1,825 h per year. The informal care time cost share on GDP varied from 0.26% (Mexico) to 1.38% (Brazil), with an average of 0.82% in the studied American countries. Informal care time cost represents between 16 and 44% of the total economic cost (direct medical and informal care cost) associated with health conditions.
Conclusions
The study shows that there is a significant informal care economic burden -frequently overlooked- in different chronic and acute diseases in Latin American countries; and highlights the relevance of including the economic value of informal care in economic evaluations of healthcare.
Journal Article
Repercussions of Sustainable Agricultural Productivity, Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy, and Environmental Decay: Recent Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean
This research aimed to assess and implement the long- and short-run relationship of agriculture and environmental sustainability with control variables. Purposely, this research consolidated theoretical and conceptual principles to create a systematic structure in agriculture for the development of both sectors, i.e., agricultural and the environment. On this ground statement, this research was motivated to contemplate the relationship between carbon dioxide emission, agricultural production, gross domestic product, renewable energy consumption, and foreign direct investment using annual data series of Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1971 to 2018. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) was used as an econometric methodology to examine the relationship among the variables. Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector in Latin American and Caribbean countries, and the economy is heavily dependent on it. The main results of this research indicated that agriculture and CO 2 emissions were positively related to each other for the long and short run, which means that agricultural activities increased the CO 2 emission levels. At the same time, the control variables showed mixed associations with environmental degradation as gross domestic product (GDP) was positively significant and renewable energy consumption was negatively significant. The error correction (EC t −1 ) term was negatively significant, confirming the long-run relationship and the speed of adjustment from short- to long-run equilibrium. Agricultural production and GDP led to increments in CO 2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption negatively contributed to toxic emissions. The speed of adjustment in Latin American and Caribbean countries was nippy. It required 2.933 periods for the transformation from the short periodic phase to the long term. A comprehensive approach is the research debate rigorously and holistically based on divergent sectors of an economy and their relationship with environmental sustainability. The econometric method, symbolic system, and conceptual existence were designed originally.
Journal Article
The INS on the line : making immigration law on the US-Mexico border, 1917-1954
\"For much of the twentieth century, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) officials recognized that the US-Mexico border region was a special case. Here, the INS confronted a set of political, social, and environmental obstacles that prevented it from replicating its achievements at the immigration stations of Angel Island and Ellis Island. In response to these challenges, local INS officials resorted to the law--amending, nullifying, and even rewriting the nation's immigration laws for the borderlands, as well as enforcing them. In The INS on the Line, S. Deborah Kang traces the ways in which the INS on the US-Mexico border made the nation's immigration laws over the course of the twentieth century. While the INS is primarily thought to be a law enforcement agency, Kang demonstrates that the agency also defined itself as a lawmaking body. Through a nuanced examination of the agency's admission, deportation, and enforcement practices in the Southwest, she reveals how local immigration officials constructed a complex approach to border control, one that closed the line in the name of nativism and national security, opened it for the benefit of transnational economic and social concerns, and redefined it as a vast legal jurisdiction for the policing of undocumented immigrants. Despite its contingent and local origins, this composite approach to border control, Kang concludes, continues to inform the daily operations of the nation's immigration agencies, American immigration law and policy, and conceptions of this border today\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
\Medical tourism will...obligate physicians to elevate their level so that they can compete\: a qualitative exploration of the anticipated impacts of inbound medical tourism on health human resources in Guatemala
Medical tourism, which involves cross-border travel to access private, non-emergency medical interventions, is growing in many Latin American Caribbean countries. The commodification and export of private health services is often promoted due to perceived economic benefits. Research indicates growing concern for health inequities caused by medical tourism, which includes its impact on health human resources, yet little research addresses the impacts of medical tourism on health human resources in destination countries and the subsequent impacts for health equity. To address this gap, we use a case study approach to identify anticipated impacts of medical tourism sector development on health human resources and the implications for health equity in Guatemala. After undertaking an extensive review of media and policy discussions in Guatemala's medical tourism sector and site visits observing first-hand the complex dynamics of this sector, in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with 50 purposefully selected medical tourism stakeholders in representing five key sectors: public health care, private health care, health human resources, civil society, and government. Participants were identified using multiple recruitment methods. Interviews were transcribed in English. Transcripts were reviewed to identify emerging themes and were coded accordingly. The coding scheme was tested for integrity and thematic analysis ensued. Data were analysed thematically. From a health equity perspective, the results question the responsibility of Guatemala's medical education system for supporting an enhanced medical tourism sector, particularly with an increasing focus on the demand for private clinics, specific specialities, English-language training, and international standards. Further, significant health inequalities and barriers to care for Indigenous populations are unlikely to benefit from the impacts identified from participants, as is true for rural-urban and public-private health human resource migration.
Journal Article
“Medical tourism will…obligate physicians to elevate their level so that they can compete”: a qualitative exploration of the anticipated impacts of inbound medical tourism on health human resources in Guatemala
Background
Medical tourism, which involves cross-border travel to access private, non-emergency medical interventions, is growing in many Latin American Caribbean countries. The commodification and export of private health services is often promoted due to perceived economic benefits. Research indicates growing concern for health inequities caused by medical tourism, which includes its impact on health human resources, yet little research addresses the impacts of medical tourism on health human resources in destination countries and the subsequent impacts for health equity. To address this gap, we use a case study approach to identify anticipated impacts of medical tourism sector development on health human resources and the implications for health equity in Guatemala.
Methods
After undertaking an extensive review of media and policy discussions in Guatemala’s medical tourism sector and site visits observing first-hand the complex dynamics of this sector, in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with 50 purposefully selected medical tourism stakeholders in representing five key sectors: public health care, private health care, health human resources, civil society, and government. Participants were identified using multiple recruitment methods. Interviews were transcribed in English. Transcripts were reviewed to identify emerging themes and were coded accordingly. The coding scheme was tested for integrity and thematic analysis ensued. Data were analysed thematically.
Results
Findings revealed five areas of concern that relate to Guatemala’s nascent medical tourism sector development and its anticipated impacts on health human resources: the impetus to meet international training and practice standards; opportunities and demand for English language training and competency among health workers; health worker migration from public to private sector; job creation and labour market augmentation as a result of medical tourism; and the demand for specialist care. These thematic areas present opportunities and challenges for health workers and the health care system.
Conclusion
From a health equity perspective, the results question the responsibility of Guatemala’s medical education system for supporting an enhanced medical tourism sector, particularly with an increasing focus on the demand for private clinics, specific specialities, English-language training, and international standards. Further, significant health inequalities and barriers to care for Indigenous populations are unlikely to benefit from the impacts identified from participants, as is true for rural-urban and public-private health human resource migration.
Journal Article
A \Transnational Middleman Minority\ in the Eastern Caribbean? Constructing a Historical and Contemporary Framework of Analysis
First, we present a historical and contemporary profile of Chinese immigration into the Latin American and Caribbean region in general and the English-speaking Caribbean in particular, as a way of contextualizing a subsequent focus on the Eastern Caribbean island sub-group. We set up the historical and comparative context by providing a succinct introduction to the historical Chinese presence in the LAC region and briefly profiling their social class evolution in the case of Jamaica. Next, we provide a selective global framework for better understanding the post-1980s Chinese migration to, and presence in, the Caribbean. Then we turn to a focus on the Eastern Caribbean island-states, for which this post-1980s presence is particularly pertinent, and present some preliminary research findings on the new Chinese presence in venues marked by the absence of a pre-existing Chinese diaspora. Premièrement, nous présentons un profil historique et contemporain de rimmigration chinoise dans la région de l'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes en général et des Caraïbes anglophones en particulier, afin de contextualiser l'accent mis sur le sous-groupe des îles des Caraïbes orientales. Nous avons mis en place le contexte historique et comparatif en fournissant une introduction succincte à la présence chinoise historique dans la région des pays de l'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes et en faisant un bref profil de l'évolution de leur classe sociale dans le cas de la Jamaïque. Ensuite, nous fournissons un cadre global sélectif pour mieux comprendre la migration et la présence chinoises post-1980 dans les Caraïbes. Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux États insulaires des Caraïbes orientales, pour lesquelles cette présence post-1980 est particulièrement pertinente, et on présent quelques résultats de recherche préliminaires sur la nouvelle présence chinoise dans des lieux marqués par l'absence d'une diaspora chinoise préexistante. Primero, presentamos un perfil histórico y contemporáneo de la inmigración china en la región de América Latina y el Caribe en general y en el Caribe anglófono en particular, como una forma de contextualizar un enfoque posterior en el subgrupo insular del Caribe oriental. Establecimos el contexto histórico y comparativo al proporcionar una introducción sucinta a la presencia histórica china en la región de Latinoamérica y el Caribe y al describir brevemente su evolución de clase social en el caso de Jamaica. A continuación, proporcionamos un marco global selectivo para una mejor comprensión de la migración china posterior a los 80 y su presencia en el Caribe. Luego nos enfocamos en las islas-estados del Caribe Oriental, para lo cual esta presencia post-1980 es particularmente pertinente, y presentamos algunos hallazgos preliminares de investigación sobre la nueva presencia china en lugares marcados por la ausencia de una diaspora china preexistente.
Journal Article
“That’s enough patients for everyone!”: Local stakeholders’ views on attracting patients into Barbados and Guatemala’s emerging medical tourism sectors
Background
Medical tourism has attracted considerable interest within the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. Governments in the region tout the economic potential of treating foreign patients while several new private hospitals primarily target international patients. This analysis explores the perspectives of a range of medical tourism sector stakeholders in two LAC countries, Guatemala and Barbados, which are beginning to develop their medical tourism sectors. These perspectives provide insights into how beliefs about international patients are shaping the expanding regional interest in medical tourism.
Methods
Structured around the comparative case study methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 medical tourism stakeholders in each of Guatemala and Barbados (
n
= 100). To capture a comprehensive range of perspectives, stakeholders were recruited to represent civil society (
n
= 5/country), health human resources (
n
= 15/country), public health care and tourism sectors (
n
= 15/country), and private health care and tourism sectors (
n
= 15/country). Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded using a collaborative process of scheme development, and analyzed thematically following an iterative process of data review.
Results
Many Guatemalan stakeholders identified the Guatemalan-American diaspora as a significant source of existing international patients. Similarly, Barbadian participants identified their large recreational tourism sector as creating a ready source of foreign patients with existing ties to the country. While both Barbadian and Guatemalan medical tourism proponents share a common understanding that intra-regional patients are an existing supply of international patients that should be further developed, the dominant perception driving interest in medical tourism is the proximity of the American health care market. In the short term, this supplies a vision of a large number of Americans lacking adequate health insurance willing to travel for care, while in the long term, the Affordable Care Act is seen to be an enormous potential driver of future medical tourism as it is believed that private insurers will seek to control costs by outsourcing care to providers abroad.
Conclusions
Each country has some comparative advantage in medical tourism. Assumptions about a large North American patient base, however, are not supported by reliable evidence. Pursuing this market could incur costs borne by patients in their public health systems.
Journal Article