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"Latvia Civilization."
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Literary History and Popular Enlightenment in Latvian Culture
The Enlightenment of peasants, an 18th-century phenomenon that originated from an interest in common people and ideas of about the emancipation of the lower classes, had a crucial impact on creating Latvian secular literary culture. When Baltic German intellectuals, inspired by the Popular Enlightenment in German-speaking countries, undertook the task to educate Latvian peasants through books, they also laid the foundation for the future emancipation of Latvian culture. By exploring the nature of book production and changing images of peasants in Livonia and Courland in the second part of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, this book offers insights into the complex historical relationship between Latvians and Baltic Germans and the regional specifics of the Baltic Enlightenment.
eBook
Decline in Labor Force and the Affecting Factors: Insights from System Dynamics, PEST, and SWOT Analysis in Latvia
Like many modern economies, Latvia experiences demographic decline, which will cause shortages in the labor force in the future. This article aims to characterize the decline in the working-age population and the factors causing it using system dynamics, PEST, and SWOT analysis. First, the article provides two scenarios for the numerical presentation of a long-term change in the population of working age in Latvia due to emigration. Second, the article describes political, economic, social, and technological factors important for a territory to be economically active and attractive for living and working, which, in turn, is a prerequisite for a populous territory. Third, the article characterizes current peculiarities of the labor market in Latvia given findings on political, economic, social, and technological factors, including achievements and issues. As a result of the analysis, the article provides an analysis of a highly illustrative case study of Latvia, with low birth rates and high emigration, on the one hand, and a broad understanding of reasons for demographic decline on the other hand. In combination with the current characteristics of the labor market, the analysis provides knowledge on achievements and issues for the long-term development of the labor force. The article contributes to debates through a multimethod approach to clarify both working-age population projections and factors affecting the economic attractiveness of a territory. The novelty of the research lies in the application of system dynamics for population projections and a combination of PEST and SWOT analysis for macroeconomic issues. The findings may advise policy-making. The main research findings demonstrate that the expected decline in the working-age population in Latvia is alarming. Besides policies for preventing further decline in the working-age population, policy-making should address such issues as the lack of human capital in smart specialization areas, a low interest of society in becoming an entrepreneur, and insufficient activity in high-tech sectors of the economy. At the same time, the realization of smart specialization strategies contributes to labor market resilience.
Journal Article
Family Migration Capital and Migration Intentions
Does a history of migration in the family influence one’s decision to move abroad? This paper argues that intergenerational transmission of ‘migration capital’ accumulated in the family is a significant determinant of current decisions to migrate. Using an ordered probit methodology to analyse data from a survey of 2161 respondents conducted in Latvia in 2007, we find support for our hypothesis: children of former migrants are more likely to migrate themselves, compared to people without family migration experience. The country of Latvia serves as an unusually instructive laboratory for our analysis due to the planned nature of its 1945–1991 immigration flows.
Journal Article
Germanization, Polonization, and Russification in the partitioned lands of Poland-Lithuania
Two main myths constitute the founding basis of popular Polish ethnic nationalism: first, that Poland-Lithuania was an early Poland, and second, that the partitioning powers at all times unwaveringly pursued policies of Germanization and Russification. In the former case, the myth appropriates a common past today shared by Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine. In the latter case, Polonization is written out of the picture entirely, as also are variations and changes in the polices of Germanization and Russification. Taken together, the two myths to a large degree obscure (and even falsify) the past, making comprehension of it difficult, if not impossible. This article seeks to disentangle the knots of anachronisms that underlie the Polish national master narrative, in order to present a clearer picture of the interplay between the policies of Germanization, Polonization, and Russification as they unfolded in the lands of the partitioned Poland-Lithuania during the long nineteenth century.
Journal Article
OECD Skills Strategy Latvia
Skills are the key to shaping a better future. Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advance and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels of skills, as well as new sets of skills.OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities, and build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to i) develop relevant skills over the life course, ii) use skills effectively in work and in society, and iii) strengthen the governance of the skills system.This report OECD Skills Strategy Latvia: Assessment and Recommendations identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to strengthen the skills outcomes of students, foster a culture of lifelong learning, reduce skills imbalances in the labour market, and strengthen the governance of the skills system.
eBook
The Roman Predicament
Modern America owes the Roman Empire for more than gladiator movies and the architecture of the nation's Capitol. It can also thank the ancient republic for some helpful lessons in globalization. So argues economic historian Harold James in this masterful work of intellectual history.
The book addresses what James terms \"the Roman dilemma\"--the paradoxical notion that while global society depends on a system of rules for building peace and prosperity, this system inevitably leads to domestic clashes, international rivalry, and even wars. As it did in ancient Rome, James argues, a rule-based world order eventually subverts and destroys itself, creating the need for imperial action. The result is a continuous fluctuation between pacification and the breakdown of domestic order.
James summons this argument, first put forth more than two centuries ago in Adam Smith'sWealth of Nationsand Edward Gibbon'sDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire, to put current events into perspective. The world now finds itself staggering between a set of internationally negotiated trading rules and exchange--rate regimes, and the enforcement practiced by a sometimes-imperial America. These two forces--liberal international order and empire--will one day feed on each other to create a shakeup in global relations, James predicts. To reinforce his point, he invokes the familiarbon motonce applied to the British Empire:\"When Britain could not rule the waves, it waived the rules.\"
Despite the pessimistic prognostications of Smith and Gibbon, who saw no way out of this dilemma, James ends his book on a less depressing note. He includes a chapter on one possible way in which the world could resolve the Roman Predicament--by opting for a global system based on values as opposed to rules.
eBook
The Baltic states and the East Asian model
Viksnins discusses whether the Baltic states' economies will be able to mimic those in southeast Asia. Foreign investments in the Baltic region have been growing, but they have generally taken the form of physical assets rather than liquid assets.
Journal Article
TRANSITION OF SOCIETY, TRANSFORMATION OF PHILOSOPHY
Discusses philosophy's response to the political, social, & spiritual transformations that are occurring as the twentieth century comes to a close. It is suggested that many of the political & spiritual remedies developed by the West to deal with these tranformations may turn out to be highly ineffective, & that many Western philosophical conceptions will need to be fundamentally rethought. It is claimed that the current situation in Latvia & the newly independent Baltic states constitutes a kind of field laboratory in which new philosophical conceptions can be explored. Special consideration is given to the metaphilosophical problems associated with a period of rapid social & spiritual transformation, focusing on the healthy interaction between professional philosophers & working intellectuals in Latvian society. The status of philosophy in Latvia is discussed, & it is concluded that philosophy in the later twentieth century must provide a means of cultivated reflection on the natural, artificial, & self-created situation of humanity. W. Howard
Journal Article
