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Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation
The police can access your online family-tree research—and use it to investigate your relatives The 24 April 2018 arrest of Joseph James DeAngelo as the alleged Golden State Killer, suspected of more than a dozen murders and 50 rapes in California, has raised serious societal questions related to personal privacy. The break in the case came when investigators compared DNA recovered from victims and crime scenes to other DNA profiles searchable in a free genealogical database called GEDmatch. This presents a different situation from the analysis of DNA of individuals arrested or convicted of certain crimes, which has been collected in the U.S. National DNA Index System (NDIS) for forensic purposes since 1989. The search of a nonforensic database for law enforcement purposes has caught public attention, with many wondering how common such searches are, whether they are legal, and what consumers can do to protect themselves and their families from prying police eyes. Investigators are already rushing to make similar searches of GEDmatch in other cases, making ethical and legal inquiry into such use urgent.
Journal Article
Ethics in criminal justice : in search of the truth
\"Introducing the fundamentals of ethical theory, Ethics in Criminal Justice: The Search for Truth, 7th Edition, exposes the reader to the ways and means of making moral judgments by exploring the teachings of the great philosophers, sources of criminal justice ethics, and ethical issues in the criminal justice system. It is presented from two perspectives: a thematic perspective that addresses ethical principles common to all components of the discipline, and an area-specific perspective that addresses the state of ethics in criminal justice in the fields of policing, corrections, and probation and parole. The seventh edition features discussion of current critical issues in criminal justice: accusations of racism, police shootings, stop-and-frisk policy, marijuana laws, mass incarceration, life sentences, prison privatization, the swift and certain deterrence model of probation, excessive probation fees, and the good lives model in corrections. The seventh edition also offers completely revised coverage of capital punishment and the rehabilitation debate and a discussion of how juvenile justice often fails to live up to its ideals. Finally, the book features new case studies of recent ethical dilemmas in criminal justice to enhance students' understanding of real-life ethics decision making. Suitable for advanced undergraduates or graduate students in Criminal Justice programs in the US and globally, this text offers a classical view of ethical decision making and is well-grounded in specific case examples\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sterilization in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE’s) Detention: Ethical Failures and Systemic Injustice
Project South has been collecting allegations and data from ICDC for many years through direct interviews; in 2017, it reported a long list of human rights violations, including lack of medical and mental health care, due process violations, and unsanitary living conditions.3 The recently filed complaint discusses the high rates of hysterectomies performed on detained patients and describes reports by numerous women who did not understand why they had received a hysterectomy. [...]deeper ethics concerns have surfaced more recently with reports that ICE has deported six women who contributed allegations to this complaint and notified at least seven others that the holds on their deportations had been lifted, making their deportation imminent.4 Ethical Concerns Ethical shortcomings in this context are not new, and medical ethics and reproductive justice concerns in immigration detention facilities have been documented for many years, including recently in this Journal by Messing et al.2 and Fleming and LeBrón.5 Building on these prior illustrations, we argue that this complaint is part of a pattern of documented medical injustice perpetuated by the Trump administration against vulnerable migrants that includes family separation, the prohibition of abortion for minors seeking asylum, and medical neglect of pregnant migrants, to name just a few.2 Informed Consent First, with respect to autonomy, the allegations described here fall drastically short of meaningful informed consent. Notably, the standards state that \"facilities shall provide appropriate interpretation and language services ... related to medical and mental health care,\" that \"detainees shall not be used for interpretation services during any medical or mental health service\" except in an emergency medical situation, and that medical staff are to explain the risks of treatment and ensure that any questions are answered.6 Indeed, one attorney who, in 2018, represented women seen by the doctor repeatedly referenced in the complaint reported that, for the two years she worked with detainees at ICDC, there was only one facility employee fluent in Spanish, indicating that perhaps meaningful language services were not accessible.
Journal Article
Europe’s Roma people are vulnerable to poor practice in genetics
Analysis of how papers and databases are handled and interpreted shows that geneticists in Europe must stamp out unethical research practices at home, not just abroad.
Analysis of how papers and databases are handled and interpreted shows that geneticists in Europe must stamp out unethical research practices at home, not just abroad.
Journal Article
Resisting the rise of facial recognition
From Quito to Nairobi, Moscow to Detroit, hundreds of municipalities have installed cameras equipped with FRT, sometimes promising to feed data to central command centres as part of 'safe city' or 'smart city' solutions to crime. [...]Lee Tien, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation in San Francisco, California, says that one of the main reasons large technology firms - whether in China or elsewhere - get involved in supplying AI surveillance technology to governments is that they expect to collect a mass of data that could improve their algorithms. The Russian capital rolled out a city-wide video surveillance system in January, using software supplied by Moscow-based technology firm NtechLab. In May, the chief executive of London's Heathrow airport said it would trial thermal scanners with facial-recognition cameras to identify potential virus carriers.
Journal Article
Halt the use of facial-recognition technology until it is regulated
Until appropriate safeguards are in place, we need a moratorium on biometric technology that identifies individuals, says Kate Crawford.
Until appropriate safeguards are in place, we need a moratorium on biometric technology that identifies individuals, says Kate Crawford.
“These tools are harmful when they fail and dangerous when they work.”
Journal Article
What the data say about police shootings
How do racial biases play into deadly encounters with the police? Researchers wrestle with incomplete data to reach answers.
How do racial biases play into deadly encounters with the police? Researchers wrestle with incomplete data to reach answers.
Demonstrators protest gun violence in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 2016.
Credit: William Widmer/New York Times/eyevine
Journal Article
Considerations for Modernized Criminal HIV Laws and Assessment of Legal Protections Against Release of Identified HIV Surveillance Data for Law Enforcement
In November 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention distributed guidance to funded agencies under its Integrated HIV Surveillance and Prevention Programs Initiative to support the implementation of the program’s third strategy: HIV transmission cluster investigation and outbreak response efforts. Cluster detection seeks to identify persons infected with HIV (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who are linked to infections in single or related sexual and injection drug networks. Identifying expanding clusters allows public health personnel to intervene directly where active HIV transmissions occur. However, in the context of HIV infection where most US states have enacted criminal exposure laws, these efforts have sparked concerns about the protection of HIV surveillance data from court order or subpoena for law enforcement purposes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls for funded agencies to evaluate relevant confidentiality laws to ensure that these are sufficient to protect the confidentiality of HIV surveillance data from use by law enforcement. We present four often overlooked factors about the criminalization of HIV exposure and HIV surveillance data protections that should be considered in statutory assessments.
Journal Article