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In many countries, the number line (NL) is an important tool in mathematics education to develop an understanding of numbers. However, students may have difficulties using the NL. To provide students showing NL difficulties with appropriate support, more research is needed on how these students interact with NLs. In this study, we investigated how three different groups of students located numbers on an NL: 20 fifth-grade students with general learning difficulties (LD) from a special school, and 60 fifth-grade students with mathematical learning difficulties (MD) from a school of general education, compared to 55 fifth-grade students without MD/LD. We analyzed students’ strategies based on qualitative analysis of eye-tracking videos and students’ error rates. We found that all students were generally able to solve the tasks correctly. Analyses of students’ strategies showed that the types of strategies used for locating numbers on an NL did not differ between students with LD, with MD, and without MD/LD. Differences were found in the frequency with which certain strategies were used, particularly for numbers between the midpoint and endpoint of the NL—indicating differences in the mathematical development regarding the flexible use of NL strategies between students with LD, with MD, and without MD/LD.

The present study aimed to obtain an empirical evidence about the effectiveness of strategies and programs used to address mathematical learning difficulties through studies published in some Arab periodicals and through adopting the meta-analysis method. Furthermore, the study investigated whether the efficacy of these strategies and programs differ according to the independent variables and educational stage in the selected studies. A systematic search of experimental and quasi-experimental studies published between 2012 and 2022 was conducted. 47 studies from a total of 154 studies met the study selection criterion. The results revealed that the average standard effect size (ES) for all studies included in the meta-analysis was 3.19, with a huge ES. The results also showed no difference in the efficiency of strategies and programs in the selected studies according to the independent variables and the educational stage.

Background: Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children’s and adolescents’ academic progress; thus, early detection is of great importance. Parents play a key role, as they can provide valuable and unique information regarding their offspring’s learning challenges. The Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) is a quick and easy-to-use parent-report rating questionnaire evaluating specific areas of functioning that are most affected in children and adolescents with learning difficulties, such as reading, mathematics, social cognition, spatial abilities, and memory. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Greek version of the CLDQ. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in a sample of Greek parents and caregivers to test the Greek version of the CLDQ. The 20-item questionnaire was translated into Greek using the appropriate forward-backward translation. Results: The final sample consisted of 303 parents/caregivers of children and adolescents aged 11–17 years with learning difficulties. Analysis was consistent with the original scale and revealed five major factors labeled Reading, Mathematics, Social Cognition, Social Anxiety, and Spatial Problems. Contrary to the original version, two items loaded on two separate factors. Conclusions: The Greek version of the CLDQ demonstrated acceptable reliability and good validity. Consistent with the original version, exploratory factor analysis identified five distinct factors. These findings support the Greek version of the CLDQ as a valid and reliable tool for assessing and screening students with learning difficulties in Greece.

This study explores the experiences of primary school teachers providing remedial mathematics education to students with special learning difficulties (SLD). Through qualitative research and interviews with 22 teachers, findings highlight challenges such as insufficient knowledge of SLD, reliance on individual education plans, and students' difficulties in counting, operations, problem-solving, and memorization. Teachers use diverse methods like concrete materials, repetition, and games, along with tools such as worksheets and smart boards. Challenges include inadequate physical conditions, limited class time, and low student and parent engagement. Suggestions for improvement focus on better resources, teaching methods, professional development, and enhanced communication with parents and classroom teachers. This study explores the experiences of primary school teachers providing remedial mathematics education to students with special learning difficulties (SLD). Through qualitative research and interviews with 22 teachers, findings highlight challenges such as insufficient knowledge of SLD, reliance on individual education plans, and students' difficulties in counting, operations, problem-solving, and memorization. Teachers use diverse methods like concrete materials, repetition, and games, along with tools such as worksheets and smart boards. Challenges include inadequate physical conditions, limited class time, and low student and parent engagement. Suggestions for improvement focus on better resources, teaching methods, professional development, and enhanced communication with parents and classroom teachers.

Background： The cognitive function of children with either attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） or learning disabilities （LDs） is known to be impaired. However, little is known about the cognitive function of children with comorbid ADHD and LD. The present study aimed to explore the cognitive function of children and adolescents with ADH D and learning difficulties in comparison with children with ADHD and healthy controls in different age groups in a large Chinese sample. Methods： Totally, 1043 participants with ADHD and learning difficulties （the ADHD ＋ learning difficulties group）, 870 with pure ADHD （the pure ADHD group）, and 496 healthy controls were recruited. To investigate the difference in cognitive impairment using a developmental approach, all participants were divided into three age groups （6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years old）. Measurements were the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Trail-Making Test, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parents （BRIEF）. Multivariate analysis of variance was used. Results： The results showed that after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms, the A DHD ＋ learning difficulties group was still significantly worse than the pureADHD group, which was, in turn, worse than the control group on full intelligence quotient （98.66 ± 13.87 vs. 105.17 ± 14.36 vs. 112.93 ± 13.87, P 〈 0.001 ）. The same relationship was also evident for shift function （shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 122.50 [62.00, 194.25] s vs. 122.00 [73.00, 201.50] s vs. 66.00 [45.00, 108.00] s, P 〈 0.001） and everyday life executive function （BRIEF total score, 145.71 ± 19.35 vs. 138.96± 18.00 vs. 122.71 ± 20.45, P 〈 0.001 ） after controlling for the effect of the severity of ADHD symptoms, intelligence quotient, age, and gender. As for the age groups, the differences among groups became nonsignificant in the 12-14 years old group for inhibition （meaning interference of the Stroop Color-Word Test, 18.00 [13.00, 25.00] s vs. 17.00 [15.00, 26.00] s vs. 17.00 [10.50, 20.00] s, P =0.704） and shift function （shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 62.00 [43.00, 97.00] s vs. 53.00 [38.00, 81.00] s vs. 101.00 [88.00, 114.00] s, P = 0.778）. Conclusions： Children and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties have more severe cognitive impairment than pure ADHD patients even after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms. However, the differences in impairment in inhibition and shift function are no longer significant when these individuals were 12-14 years old.

Background Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common brain tumour type in childhood located in the posterior fossa, and treated mainly with surgery. These tumours have low mortality, but knowledge concerning its long‐term outcome is sparse. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate whether children treated for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa had late complications affecting cognition, language and learning. Methods This descriptive single‐centre study includes eight children and 12 adults treated as children for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa, with a mean follow‐up time of 12.4 (range 5–19) years. Well‐established tests of intelligence, executive, language and academic function were used. Results Intelligence tests showed average results compared with norms. Five patients scored <−1 SD (70–84) and 3 low average (85–92) on full scale IQ. The patients scored average on subtests regarding executive function, except for significantly lower results in inhibition/switching (p = .004). In Rey complex figure test half of the patients scored below −1 SD. Language tests were normal except for significantly lower results in naming ability (p = .049) and in inference (p = .046). In academic tests, results were average, except for significantly lower results in reading speed (p = .024). Patients with learning difficulties performed worse in the tests. Conclusions The patients' functional outcome was favourable but, a not‐negligible part of the patients displayed neurocognitive difficulties as revealed by extensive neuro‐cognitive and academic testing. Thus, it is important to identify those in need of more thorough cognitive and pedagogic follow‐up programmes, including school interventions.

Inhalt: Response to intervention: treatment validity and implementation challenges in the primary and middle grades / Stephanie Al Otaiba, Mary Beth Calhoon and Jeanne Wanzek -- The role of context in the assessment of \"unresponsiveness\" within responsiveness-to-intervention: the \"relative slope-difference discrepancy model\" (RSDDM) / Georgios D. Sideridis, Susana Padeliadu and Faye Antoniou -- Literacy supports for adolescent struggling readers: taking action through comprehension instruction / Michael Faggella-Luby and Patricia Sampson Graner -- Developmental dyslexia in a transparent orthography: a study of Spanish dyslexic children / Manuel Soriano and Ana Miranda -- Reading comprehension: unanswered questions and reading instruction challenges / Solveig-Alma Halaas Lyster -- A longitudinal study of the impact of effective beginning reading instruction for English learners: literacy, language, and learning disabilities / Anne W. Graves -- Writing: underutilized for young children with disabilities? / M. Susan Burns, Julie K. Kidd and Tamara Genarro -- Teaching students with LD to use reading comprehension strategies / Alison Gould Boardman, Janette K. Klingner, Amy L. Boele and Elizabeth Swanson -- Persuading students with emotional disabilities to write: a design study / Margo A. Mastropieri, Thomas E. Scruggs, Yojanna Cuenca-Sanchez, Narcy Irby, Sara Mills, Linda Mason and Richard Kubina -- Components affecting expressive writing in typical and disabled writers / Cesare Cornoldi, Francesco Del Prete, Anna Gallani, Francesco Sella and Anna Maria Re -- Dyslexia: a categorical falsehood without validity or utility / Simon Gibbs and Julian Elliott -- The study of human exceptionality: how it informs our knowledge of learning and cognition / Margo A. Mastropieri and Thomas E. Scruggs.

The range of learning difficulties associated with children who have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) has been highlighted as an emerging but little understood area of Special Educational Needs. This engaging, timely, and highly practical book will raise awareness about FASDs and their associated difficulties across the entire education workforce. It provides a range of specialist, practical tried-and-tested teaching and learning strategies, from which teachers and support staff may construct personalised learning plans for students with FASDs, and will help improve outcomes for all their children. It also: explains the impact that FASDs can have on the child's brain; discusses the overlapping and co-existing disorders, such as ADHD and autism spectrum disorders; shows how to support and empower teachers; provides ready-to-use teaching resources and strategies that can be used directly in the classroom. Informed by the very latest research and written by leading experts in the field, Educating Children and Young People with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders will prove invaluable for experienced teachers and teaching assistants who are engaging in Continuing Professional Development, as well as newly qualified and training Initial Teacher Training students.

This article examines the factors that influence the potential for independence among individuals experiencing special learning conditions in upper secondary school owing to psycho-social difficulties (PSDs) or general learning difficulties (general LDs). Using longitudinal data collected on 357 individuals from 1995/1996 through 2007, adaptation to adulthood is studied by the logistic regression analysis of two dependent variables – full-time employment and living situation. The situation of the students with PSDs and/or general LDs is compared with the situation of students with other types of difficulties. The results indicate that individuals with PSDs experience greater challenges in obtaining a job and a residence of their own. Having special educational support in schools, such as teaching assistants, seems to have a negative effect on achieving an independent life.

Teaching process every day and more is changing with a strong evolution, where the use of methods, forms and multiple techniques are transforming teaching in a complex and difficult process on the other hand the teaching process is faced today with a large number of exception and contradiction as:Teachers often give students the task of exercises, for solution of which required knowledge of many subjects, despite the knowledge provided by the teacher were only on their case, so in this respect should be paid special attention to all stages through which ensure quality teaching and successful learning.Teachers should be familiar with: difficulties, styles, interests, needs, trends and psychological abilities of each student in order to ensure their walk confidently ahead.On the other hand they often have to break and be dedicated to a group of advanced students who have interests much broader than the rest of the class, in this regard have the skills, but the rest of the children have difficulties therefore require constant supervision and help of teachers.These are some of the reasons that make teaching as a difficult and complex process. The teaching process as the learning had their history of development. Therefore they passed through the different stages being perfectly constantly.From the very cognitive of these issues, it was concluded that both these processes are correlated with each other, which makes it even more complicated ( Raçi, A. Gashi, Sh. 2001: 3). Precisely for these reasons, studies and research on teaching and learning have been and are many today. These studies, as well as the interest accrued so teachers, psychologists, and experts in other fields, coupled with the fact that teaching and learning are continuous processes, such as understanding about them cannot ever finish ( QTKA, 2005: 13 ).