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"Leaves Color."
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I see fall leaves
\"This title examines different properties of fall leaves, including such things as color and texture. Readers will learn to observe the world around them as well as to spot signs of seasonal changes in nature\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Transcriptomic analysis unravels the molecular response of Lonicera japonica leaves to chilling stress
Lonicera japonica is not only an important resource of traditional Chinese medicine, but also has very high horticultural value. Studies have been performed on the physiological responses of L. japonica leaves to chilling, however, the molecular mechanism underlying the low temperature-induced leaves morphological changes remains unclear. In this study, it has been demonstrated that the ratio of pigments content including anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and carotenoids was significantly altered in response to chilling condition, resulting in the color transformation of leaves from green to purple. Transcriptomic analysis showed there were 10,329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) co-expressed during chilling stress. DEGs were mainly mapped to secondary metabolism, cell wall, and minor carbohydrate. The upregulated genes (UGs) were mainly enriched in protein metabolism, transport, and signaling, while UGs in secondary metabolism were mainly involved in phenylpropaoids-flavonoids pathway (PFP) and carotenoids pathway (CP). Protein-protein interaction analysis illustrated that 21 interacted genes including CAX3 , NHX2 , ACA8 , and ACA9 were enriched in calcium transport/potassium ion transport. BR biosynthesis pathway related genes and BR insensitive (BRI) were collectively induced by chilling stress. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in anthocyanins and CPs as well as the content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and luteoloside were increased in leaves of L. japonica under stress. Taken together, these results indicate that the activation of PFP and CP in leaves of L. japonica under chilling stress, largely attributed to the elevation of calcium homeostasis and stimulation of BR signaling, which then regulated the PFP/CP related transcription factors.
Journal Article
Full of fall
April Pulley Sayre explores the transformation trees undergo in fall. This book explains the leaves' initial change from green to red, yellow, and orange, the shedding of the leaves, and the leaves crumbling as winter approaches. Additional information explains the science behind this process.
Book
Under simulated microgravity and gravity, anthocyanin is regulated by DcaWRKY2 in Dendrobium catenatum leaves
Long-term space missions will require high-quality plants that are edible, medicinal, and ornamental, to support the physical and mental health of astronauts under altered gravity conditions. Anthocyanins play a key role in enhancing the medicinal and edible value and ornamental properties of plants. However, under simulated microgravity, the transcription control of anthocyanin biosynthesis is not clear. Here, in order to investigate the influences of simulated microgravity on the anthocyanin accumulation further, clones of Dendrobium catenatum were exposed for 20 days to simulated microgravity conditions. The anthocyanin content in Dendrobium catenatum leaves increased in the simulated microgravity conditions compared with that in gravity-treated clones. Furthermore, based on the transcriptome sequencing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis combined with RT-qPCR, we identified one WRKY gene, DcaWRKY2 , from a Dendrobium catenatum under simulated microgravity conditions, which indicated that DcaWRKY2 may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis under simulated microgravity conditions. A more in-depth analysis evaluating the function of DcaWRKY2 , transcription factor gene DcaWRKY2 , was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing under gravity conditions, which resulted in the increase of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) structural genes, including DcaCHS , DcaCHI , DcaF3H , DcaDFR , and DcaANS were increased significantly. This research provides new insights into how altered gravity can affect anthocyanin synthesis in plants and illuminated the regulatory effects of DcaWRKY2 on the leaves’ pigmentation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Dendrobium catenatum under gravity and simulated microgravity.
Journal Article
Mutation Mechanism of Leaf Color in Plants: A Review
Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.
Journal Article
Simultaneous changes in anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents produce green variegation in pink–leaved ornamental kale
Background
Anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments are widely distributed in plants, producing various colors. Ornamental kale (
Brassica oleracea var. acephala
DC) which has colorful inner leaves is an ideal plant to explore how these three pigments contribute to leaf color. The molecular mechanisms of the coloration in ornamental kale could provide reference for exploring the mechanisms of pigmentation in other plants.
Results
In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome and determined the pigment contents of an unusual cultivar of ornamental kale with three different types of leaf coloration: pink (C3), light pink (C2), and variegated pink–green (C1). A total of 23,965 differentially expressed genes were detected in pairwise comparisons among the three types of leaves. The results indicate that
Bo9g058630
coding dihydroflavonol 4–reductase (DFR) and
Bo3g019080
coding shikimate O–hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) acted in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pink leaves.
Bo1g053420
coding pheophorbidase (PPD) and
Bo3g012430
coding 15–cis–phytoene synthase (crtB) were identified as candidate genes for chlorophyll metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis, respectively. The transcription factors TT8, MYBL2, GATA21, GLK2, and RR1 might participate in triggering the leaf color change in ornamental kale. Anthocyanin content was highest in C3 and lowest in C1. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lowest in C2 and highest in C1.
Conclusions
Based on these findings, we suspected that the decrease in anthocyanin biosynthesis and the increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis might be the reason for the leaf changing from pink to variegate pink–green in this unusual cultivar. Our research provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of leaf coloration in ornamental kale, contributing to a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties.
Journal Article
Anthocyanin metabolites and related regulatory genes analysis in leaves of Acer Pseudosieboldianum mutant during different periods of color change
Background
Acer pseudosieboldianum
(Pax) Komarov, is a colorful leaf species belonging to the family Aceraceae, mainly distributed in Northeast China, Russia, and northern Korea. The leaves of
Acer pseudosieboldianum
are green in spring and summer, and turning red in autumn, which is of high ornamental value. In previous study, a mutant maple was selected with alternating red-green leaf color in spring and summer. However, the reason for the color mutation was not clear. Therefore, UPLC /LC-MS and RNA-seq were used to analyze the anthocyanin components and related differentially expressed genes in the spring leaf color changes of
A. pseudosieboldianum
mutant, which can provide broader insights into the complex coloration process of leaf color.
Results
The results showed that the mutant leaves contained a total of 50 anthocyanin metabolites. In all differential metabolites of anthocyanins, Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside not only had higher content, but also showed significant changes at different stages. Especially, the consistent high content of anthocyanins in Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, which are the main pigments for leaf color. In addition, 11,522 genes were found to be significantly differentially with 5,477 genes up-regulated, and 6,045 genes down-regulated. We identified relevant information for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with leaf color, including 20 structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, 12 transcription factors, and eight genes related to anthocyanin transport.
Conclusions
Among all anthocyanins of
A. pseudosieboldianum
mutant leaf, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside remained high in all three stages of leaves, which is main substances for the leaf color. Additionally, 20 structure gene, 12 transcription factors and some genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis and transport were screened and there was a complex metabolic network in mutant leaves. This study provided a basis for resource innovation and landscaping applications of
Acer
plants by analyzing the anthocyanin metabolites and expression of DEGs in the leaf coloring process.
Journal Article
Genetic factors explaining anthocyanin pigmentation differences
Background
Anthocyanins are important contributors to coloration across a wide phylogenetic range of plants. Biological functions of anthocyanins span from reproduction to protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Owing to a clearly visible phenotype of mutants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis and its sophisticated regulation have been studied in numerous plant species. Genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes are regulated by a transcription factor complex comprising MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins.
Results
A systematic comparison of anthocyanin-pigmented vs. non-pigmented varieties was performed within numerous plant species covering the taxonomic diversity of flowering plants. The literature was screened for cases in which genetic factors causing anthocyanin loss were reported. Additionally, transcriptomic data sets from four previous studies were reanalyzed to determine the genes possibly responsible for color variation based on their expression pattern. The contribution of different structural and regulatory genes to the intraspecific pigmentation differences was quantified. Differences concerning transcription factors are by far the most frequent explanation for pigmentation differences observed between two varieties of the same species. Among the transcription factors in the analyzed cases,
MYB
genes are significantly more prone to account for pigmentation differences compared to
bHLH
or
WD40
genes. Among the structural genes,
DFR
genes are most often associated with anthocyanin loss.
Conclusions
These findings support previous assumptions about the susceptibility of transcriptional regulation to evolutionary changes and its importance for the evolution of novel coloration phenotypes. Our findings underline the particular significance of MYBs and their apparent prevalent role in the specificity of the MBW complex.
Journal Article
Photosynthetic characteristics and genetic mapping of a yellow-green leaf mutant jym165 in soybean
Background
Leaves are important sites for photosynthesis and can convert inorganic substances into organic matter. Photosynthetic performance is an important factor affecting crop yield. Leaf colour is closely related to photosynthesis, and leaf colour mutants are considered an ideal material for studying photosynthesis.
Results
We obtained a yellow-green leaf mutant
jym165
, using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll in the
jym165
mutant decreased significantly compared with those in Jiyu47 (JY47). The abnormal chloroplast development of
jym165
led to a decrease in net photosynthetic rate and starch content compared with that of JY47. However, quality traits analysis showed that the sum of oil and protein contents in
jym165
was higher than that in JY47. In addition, the regional yield (seed spacing: 5 cm) of
jym165
increased by 2.42% compared with that of JY47 under high planting density. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the yellow-green leaf phenotype was closely related to photosynthesis and starch and sugar metabolism pathways. Genetic analysis suggests that the yellow-green leaf phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Using Mutmap sequencing, the candidate regions related of leaf colour was narrowed to 3.44 Mb on Chr 10.
Conclusions
Abnormal chloroplast development in yellow-green mutants leads to a decrease in the photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate, which affects the soybean photosynthesis pathway and starch and sugar metabolism pathways. Moreover, it has the potentiality to increase soybean yield under dense planting conditions. This study provides a useful reference for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying photosynthesis in soybean.
Journal Article
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of mutant yellow leaves provide insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo biloba
Background
Ginkgo (
Ginkgo biloba
L.) is an excellent landscape species. Its yellow-green leaf mutants are ideal materials for research on pigment synthesis, but the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in these ginkgo mutants remains unclear.
Results
We compared the metabolomes and transcriptomes of green and mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo over the same period in this study. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of normal green leaves was significantly higher than that of mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo. We obtained 931.52M clean reads from different color leaves of ginkgo. A total of 283 substances in the metabolic profiles were finally detected, including 50 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). We identified these DEMs and 1361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 37, 4, 3 and 13 DEGs involved in the photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Moreover, integrative analysis of the metabolomes and transcriptomes revealed that the flavonoid pathway contained the upregulated DEM (−)-epicatechin. Fourteen DEGs from the photosynthesis pathway were positively or negatively correlated with the DEMs.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest a complex metabolic network in mutant yellow leaves. This study will provide a basis for studies of leaf color variation and regulation.
Journal Article