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Self-driving cars hold out the promise of being safer than manually driven cars. Yet they cannot be a 100 % safe. Collisions are sometimes unavoidable. So self-driving cars need to be programmed for how they should respond to scenarios where collisions are highly likely or unavoidable. The accident-scenarios self-driving cars might face have recently been likened to the key examples and dilemmas associated with the trolley problem. In this article, we critically examine this tempting analogy. We identify three important ways in which the ethics of accidentalgorithms for self-driving cars and the philosophy of the trolley problem differ from each other. These concern: (i) the basic decision-making situation faced by those who decide how selfdriving cars should be programmed to deal with accidents; (ii) moral and legal responsibility; and (iii) decision-making in the face of risks and uncertainty. In discussing these three areas of disanalogy, we isolate and identify a number of basic issues and complexities that arise within the ethics of the programming of self-driving cars.

This book was written to demystify critical standards related to information security, records management privacy information management for the modern librarian and archival professional. In the digital age, librarians and archival professionals play a crucial role in safeguarding the world's knowledge. A Librarian's Guide to ISO Standards for Information Governance, Privacy, and Security is a curated resource for librarians, presenting core ISO standards related to information governance, data privacy, and security. The book provides detailed summaries of these standards, along with case studies and advice on applying them in the modern digital age. It empowers library staff and patrons to prioritize data security and privacy, ensuring trust and confidentiality in their services. The purpose is to demystify critical standards related to information security, records management privacy information management for the modern librarian and archival professional. Inside, you will find detailed summaries of the core ISO standards, descriptions, and case studies illustrating how these standards can apply to librarians in the modern digital age, advice on how to cultivate a culture of data security, and privacy awareness among library staff and patrons.

A human driver and an automated driving system (ADS) might share control of automated vehicles (AVs) in the near future. This raises many concerns associated with the assignment of responsibility for negative outcomes caused by them; one is that the human driver might be required to bear the brunt of moral and legal responsibilities. The psychological consequences of responsibility misattribution have not yet been examined. We designed a hypothetical crash similar to Uber’s 2018 fatal crash (which was jointly caused by its distracted driver and the malfunctioning ADS). We incorporated five legal responsibility attributions (the human driver should bear full, primary, half, secondary, and no liability, that is, the AV manufacturer should bear no, secondary, half, primary, and full liability). Participants (N = 1524) chose their preferred liability attribution and then were randomly assigned into one of the five actual liability attribution conditions. They then responded to a series of questions concerning liability assignment (fairness and reasonableness), the crash (e.g., acceptability), and AVs (e.g., intention to buy and trust). Slightly more than 50% of participants thought that the human driver should bear full or primary liability. Legal responsibility misattribution (operationalized as the difference between actual and preferred liability attributions) negatively influenced these mentioned responses, regardless of overly attributing human or manufacturer liability. Overly attributing human liability (vs. manufacturer liability) had more negative influences. Improper liability attribution might hinder the adoption of AVs. Public opinion should not be ignored in developing a legal framework for AVs.

With the expansion of technology and governance, the information governance industry has experienced dramatic and often, sudden changes. Among the most important shifts are the proliferation of data privacy rules and regulations, the exponential growth of data and the need for removing redundant, obsolete, and trivial information and the growing threat of litigation and regulatory fines based on a failure to properly keep records and manage data. At the same time, longstanding information governance standards and best practices exist, which transcend the sudden vicissitudes of the day. This volume focuses on these core IG principles, with an emphasis on how they apply to our target audience, which includes law librarians, legal and research staff and other individuals and departments in both the public and private sectors who engage deeply with regulatory compliance matters. Core topics that will be addressed include: * the importance of implementing and maintaining cohesive records management workflows that implement the classic principles of capturing, checking, recording, consolidation, and review; * the classic records management principles of Accountability, Transparency, Integrity, Protection, Compliance, Accessibility, Retention and Disposition; and * archives Management and the two principles of Providence and Original Order.

This book is about the role causation plays in the attribution of both moral responsibility and legal liability (in the law of crimes, torts, and to a lesser extent, contracts). The book strips away many of the usages of the word ‘causation’ in law and legal theory, on the grounds that such usages have little to do with causation itself. What remains is the law's use of ‘causation’ to name a natural relation that is at the heart of both ordinary and scientific explanations of the world. Some normative defense is offered as to why causation in this sense is a proper basis for assessing degrees of both culpability and permissibility in morality and also in law. A more extended metaphysical defense is also offered, as to the nature of the causal relation and as to the nature of the things related by the causal relation. This normative and metaphysical analysis is used as the springboard from which to critique much of what the law currently says about causation, including the law's counterfactual test for cause in fact, its notions of intervening cause, foreseeability, harm within the risk, accomplice liability, the causal status of omissions and of non-omissive allowings, and more besides. The result is a rethinking of causation's nature and role in our legal and moral practices of assigning blame and responsibility.

This book provides a concise and usable overview of the practical implications of important public sector United States federal, state, and municipal laws and standards related to information governance, as they pertain to librarians, research staff, universities, corporate regulatory managers, and public-sector information governance professionals. It is the first in a series of two volumes addressing public sector information governance compliance matters from the perspective of our target audience. Topics addressed in the book include: * the evolving role of librarians and the need for librarians and legal researchers to understand the principles of information governance, * the importance of broad-based regulatory IG principles such as the Federal Records Act, the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 and 36 CFR Chapter XII, Subchapter B – Records Management, that have been promulgated by various federal government agencies in framing public-sector IG principles, * a survey of interpretive surveys from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that further elucidate the core IG principles applicable to public sector stakeholders, * case studies detailing the application of important IG principles by federal agencies and bodies, and * a survey of important IG issues facing state and local governments.

In Permutations of Responsibility in International Law the contributors offer an account of the variety of manifestations of responsibility in international law tackled from the angle of its nature, the actors involved and the different regimes in which it may emerge.

The relevance of the study is caused by the paramount importance of the legal responsibility institution, without which one cannot imagine the existence of the legal state. Threading all the spheres of public life, the legal category of responsibility is a significant element of the mechanism for their regulation and plays an important role in the provision of order and safety. The objective of the paper is in the cognition of the complicated and multi-faceted phenomenon of legal responsibility and in the definition of its position in the legislative system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this regard, this paper is aimed at the revealing of the main approaches towards the understanding of the responsibility in law, the study of the kinds of legal responsibility and their legal sources. The leading approach in the study is the analysis that allows integrally considering the accumulated theoretical experience in the issues of legal responsibility, as well as revealing the drawbacks in the documentation of the responsibility in the applicable legislation. The paper presents modern concepts of legal responsibility, reveals the existing definitions of its concept, and considers the system of legal responsibility and its basic elements (kinds) with the definition of its legal framework for each element of the responsibility. The materials of the paper may be helpful to the scientists in their research of the problems of legal responsibility in all the legal branches, university teachers and students in the educational process when studying and teaching the legal disciplines.

Copyright and intellectual property issues are intricately woven into any written work, but the precise nature of this relationship has plagued authors, printers, and booksellers for centuries. What does it mean to own the products of our intellectual labors in our own time? And what was the meaning three centuries ago, when copyright laws were first put into place? Jody Greene argues that while \"owning\" one's book is critical to the development of modern notions of authorship, studies of authorial property rights have in fact lost sight of the most critical valence of owning in early modern England: that is, owning up to or taking responsibility for one's work. Greene puts forth what she calls a \"paranoid theory of copyright,\" under which literary property rights are a means of state regulation to assign responsibility for printed works, to identify one person who will step forward and claim the work in exchange for the right to reap the benefits of the literary marketplace. Blending research from legal, historical, and literary archives and drawing on the troubled authorial careers of figures such as Roger L'Estrange, Elizabeth Cellier, Daniel Defoe, John Gay, and Alexander Pope,The Trouble with Ownershiplooks to the literary culture of early modern England to reveal the intimate relationship between proprietary authorship and authorial liability.

Are you fully prepared for the implementation of the Senior Managers and Certification Regime across financial services firms and the related regulatory scrutiny on conduct and accountability? The 2008 financial crisis sparked major changes in global financial services regulation with attention and resources focused on the behaviour of firms and senior individuals and how they conduct their business. Regulatory reforms have been designed and implemented globally to address accountability and conduct in financial services. In the UK this has resulted in the Senior Managers and Certification Regime (SM&CR) being implemented across all FSMA-regulated firms. Conduct and Accountability in Financial Services: A Practical Guide provides comprehensive and expert guidance on how best to implement and comply with the SM&CR.In addition to acting as a guide to rule book requirements and regulatory expectations, it provides an in-depth look at the implications of the global focus on culture and conduct risk. A must-read text for all staff in UK financial services firms, professional associations, industry bodies, regulators, academics and advisers to financial services organisations, it covers: The context and regulatory basis for SM&CR including an overview of the development and roll-out of the regime Analysis of key changes from the previous ‘approved person’ approach Practical considerations for HR, internal audit and non-executive directors The increasing role of culture and conduct risk A practical overview of enforcement, penalties and learning lessons from enforcement actions Overarching principles of how to manage personal regulatory risk Regulatory relationship management The impact of technology An overview of related global developments Appendices with timeline, bibliography and a selection of other useful sources for senior managers Conduct and Accountability in Financial Services: A Practical Guide is on the syllabus reading list for the Regulation and Compliance exam offered by the Chartered Institute of Securities and Investments.