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Text summarization from legal documents: a survey
Enormous amount of online information, available in legal domain, has made legal text processing an important area of research. In this paper, we attempt to survey different text summarization techniques that have taken place in the recent past. We put special emphasis on the issue of legal text summarization, as it is one of the most important areas in legal domain. We start with general introduction to text summarization, briefly touch the recent advances in single and multi-document summarization, and then delve into extraction based legal text summarization. We discuss different datasets and metrics used in summarization and compare performances of different approaches, first in general and then focused to legal text. we also mention highlights of different summarization techniques. We briefly cover a few software tools used in legal text summarization. We finally conclude with some future research directions.
Journal Article
Sharهia scripts : an historical anthropology
In the first half of Sharهi°a Scripts, Messick looks at the principal types of theoretical or doctrinal juridical texts, which are collectively referred to as the \"library,\" while those of the second half, including the genres produced by the sharهi°a courts and by notarial writers, are termed the \"archive.\" Messick demonstrates the analytic significance of sustained attention to the textual form of written sources such as the doctrinal works, juridical opinions, court records and legal instruments studied here. He suggests that attention to form should be a precondition for wider research, for properly assessing the import of conventional source content, for the writing of history. Messick looks at historical sharهi°a through a particular instance, that of highland Yemen in the first half of the twentieth century. Yemen, of course, is an integral region of the Arabic-speaking heartlands of Islam, and the Zaydهi school of jurisprudence that is the specific focus of the book has been rooted there for a millennium. Elsewhere in the same period, colonial regimes and nationalist reformers had begun to alter the political, societal and epistemic existence of the sharهi°a. They acted to replace its criminal, commercial and real estate provisions with western law, and effectively narrowed its sphere of relevance to matters of personal status and family law. In contrast, under the twentieth-century Zaydهi imams the sharهi°a remained uncodified; highland sharهi°a courts maintained their historically broad competence; madrassa-trained judges employed classical sharهi°a rules of procedure and evidence; and archives had yet to upended by western-style standards of file-keeping and printed forms.
Book
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering
The appropriate understanding and fast processing of lengthy legal documents are computationally challenging problems. Designing efficient automatic summarization techniques can potentially be the key to deal with such issues. Extractive summarization is one of the most popular approaches for forming summaries out of such lengthy documents, via the process of summary-relevant sentence selection. An efficient application of this approach involves appropriate scoring of sentences, which helps in the identification of more informative and essential sentences from the document. In this work, a novel sentence scoring approach DCESumm is proposed which consists of supervised sentence-level summary relevance prediction, as well as unsupervised clustering-based document-level score enhancement. Experimental results on two legal document summarization datasets, BillSum and Forum of Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE), reveal that the proposed approach can achieve significant improvements over the current state-of-the-art approaches. More specifically it achieves ROUGE metric F1-score improvements of (1−6)% and (6−12)% for the BillSum and FIRE test sets respectively. Such impressive summarization results suggest the usefulness of the proposed approach in finding the gist of a lengthy legal document, thereby providing crucial assistance to legal practitioners.
Journal Article
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain
The proliferation of legal documents in various formats and their dispersion across multiple courts present a significant challenge for users seeking precise matches to their information requirements. Despite notable advancements in legal information retrieval systems, research into legal recommender systems remains limited. A plausible factor contributing to this scarcity could be the absence of extensive publicly accessible datasets or benchmarks. While a few studies have emerged in this field, a comprehensive analysis of the distinct attributes of legal data that influence the design of effective legal recommenders is notably absent in the current literature. This paper addresses this gap by initially amassing a comprehensive session-based dataset from Jusbrasil, one of Brazil’s largest online legal platforms. Subsequently, we scrutinize and discourse key facets of legal session-based recommendation data, including session duration, types of recommendable legal artifacts, coverage, and popularity. Furthermore, we introduce the first session-based recommendation benchmark tailored to the legal domain, shedding light on the performance and constraints of several renowned session-based recommendation approaches. These evaluations are based on real-world data sourced from Jusbrasil.
Journal Article
Legitimacy and Law in the Roman World
Greeks wrote mostly on papyrus, but the Romans wrote solemn religious, public and legal documents on wooden tablets often coated with wax. This book investigates the historical significance of this resonant form of writing; its power to order the human realm and cosmos and to make documents efficacious; its role in court; the uneven spread - an aspect of Romanization - of this Roman form outside Italy, as provincials made different guesses as to what would please their Roman overlords; and its influence on the evolution of Roman law. An historical epoch of Roman legal transactions without writing is revealed as a juristic myth of origins. Roman legal documents on tablets are the ancestors of today's dispositive legal documents - the document as the act itself. In a world where knowledge of the Roman law was scarce - and enforcers scarcer - the Roman law drew its authority from a wider world of belief.
eBook
Decoding Restorative Justice: Analysing the Linguistic Features of Peace Pacts
Peace pacts, locally called \"bodong\" or \"pechen\", are written bilateral agreements defining inter-tribal relationships in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. Over the years, these peace pacts have gradually been codified by the Indigenous communities involved, thus producing Indigenous legal documents. This study focused on identifying the linguistic features of Indigenous legal documents, specifically the written peace pacts of Sadanga, Mountain Province, Philippines, on three levels: lexical, grammatical, cohesion and context. Through document analysis, results revealed that similar to state legal documents, Indigenous legal documents exhibit archaism, the use of legal jargon and collocations, repeated occurrences of synonyms, and the use of \"whereas\" clauses. However, unique features that accommodate the needs and context of the Indigenous communities involved were also observed. These include code-mixing, coinage, use of active voice and simple sentences, brevity, mixed perspectives, and use of cultural key terms. These results show that by combining legalese with local language and local writing practices, the Sadanga Indigenous community produces a hybrid legal document that not only reflects their culture and tradition but also upholds authority that governs inter-tribal relations, maintains peace, ensures proper use of resources, and resolves conflicts.
Journal Article