Explore the vast range of titles available.

Recent research in political science has stressed the importance of the state in curbing violence and promoting social and economic development, resulting in an explosion of scholarly interest in the foundations of state capacity. This article argues that state capacity depends in part on “legibility”—the breadth and depth of the state’s knowledge about its citizens and their activities—and that legibility is crucial to effective, centralized governance. We illustrate the importance of legibility through a novel argument linking legibility to the state’s role in curbing free-riding in collective action dilemmas. We then demonstrate this argument in the context of tax contributions to public goods using an original measure of legibility based on national population censuses. The article concludes by discussing how future research may leverage our indicator’s exceptional temporal and geographic coverage to advance new avenues of inquiry in the study of the state.

Spelling and handwriting are related skills which are critical for writing but are typically assessed separately. Doing so makes it more difficult to understand their respective development. We describe the creation and evaluation of a tool for their concurrent assessment: the Spelling and Handwriting Legibility Test (SaHLT). We examined whether (a) sentence spelling and handwriting legibility could be reliable and valid, independent measures of English spelling and handwriting legibility and (b) whether spelling and handwriting legibility can be measured concurrently. A total of 1461 primary-aged children (Mage = 9.14 years-old, SD = 12.80) completed the SaHLT and background tests. The SaHLT was a sensitive, reliable, and valid measure of spelling and handwriting. Multi-group factor analyses revealed the test to be a robust concurrent measure. The SaHLT offers a cost and time saving method of measuring two key skills of writing. This is important for assessments in practice and for furthering our understanding of the relationship between spelling and handwriting.

IntroductionIn Québec, Canada, decisions about implementing innovations are taken both centrally for province-wide access and locally by healthcare institutions. There is no systematic evaluation process and various stakeholders are involved, notably within a new nationwide governance structure. There was a wish to increase consistency and clarity with the principles and methods used by various bodies across the innovation lifecycle.MethodsThe starting point was the Institut national d’excellence en santé et services sociaux (INESSS) multidimensional framework, which focuses on the population-level, clinical, economic, organizational, and sociocultural value of drugs, technologies, and interventions. The framework, already under evolution drawing on Responsible Innovation in Health (RIH), evolved through collaborative work between INESSS’ methodological and scientific teams, but also and foremost with diverse groups and institutions within the provincial innovation ecosystem (e.g., university-based incubators, regional hospitals). The first steps were to capture current concepts and practices from different stakeholders, as well as their operational needs in terms of assessment tools.ResultsThis multistakeholder taskforce resulted in the development of an operational toolbox meant to guide the value appraisal of innovations through a lifecycle approach. First aimed at stakeholders involved locally in healthcare institutions, the work conducted was equally beneficial to INESSS by enabling its evaluation teams to contribute to the operational tools needed to enhance clarity and legibility of the agency’s processes and methods. The level of collaboration with stakeholders across the province was also unique and has strengthened the understandability and actionability of the toolbox developed. Some challenges were faced, and related actions will be discussed.ConclusionsBoth the taskforce process and its output contributed to improving consistency in the assessment of innovations across the province. They made more explicit what may sometimes be perceived as the HTA “black box.” The INESSS value appraisal framework also evolved considering key elements of responsibility from RIH and through this collaboration with stakeholders, and its applicability in different contexts was reinforced.

The aim of this study was to assess text generation and text transcription of children and youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, n = 67) and Typically Developing (TD) peers (n = 67). Participants (80.6% male, ages 9–14) produced a free-style handwriting task analysed for written content and handwriting legibility and speed. Findings showed children and youth with ASD perform significantly poorer than TD peers for written content and handwriting legibility and speed. For children and youth with ASD, poor handwriting legibility predicted poor written content. For TD peers, fast handwriting predicted good written content. Collapsing both groups, ASD group membership negatively predicted written content, after controlling for handwriting legibility and speed. Practical implementations for the educational context are provided.

Data mining from RNA-seq or microarray data has become an essential part of cancer biomarker exploration. Certain existing web servers are valuable and broadly utilized, but the meta-analysis of multiple datasets is absent. Most web servers only contain tumor samples from the TCGA database with only one cohort for each cancer type, which also means that the analysis results mainly derived from a single cohort are thin and unstable. Indeed, consistent performance across multiple independent cohorts is the foundation for an excellent biomarker. Moreover, the deeper exploration of specific biomarkers on underlying mechanisms, tumor microenvironment, and drug indications are missing in existing tools. Thus, we introduce BEST (Biomarker Exploration for Solid Tumors), a web application for comprehensive biomarker exploration on large-scale data in solid tumors. To ensure the comparability of genes between different sequencing technologies and the legibility of clinical traits, we re-annotated transcriptome data and unified the nomenclature of clinical traits. BEST delivers fast and customizable functions, including clinical association, survival analysis, enrichment analysis, cell infiltration, immunomodulator, immunotherapy, candidate agents, and genomic alteration. Together, our web server provides multiple cleaned-up independent datasets and diverse analysis functionalities, helping unleash the value of current data resources. It is freely available at https://rookieutopia.com/.

In recent decades, the sociology of the state has become engrossed in the relationship between knowledge and modern statecraft. Heeding recent calls for “society-centered” approaches, this article investigates the role of nonstate leaders in the production of state knowledge. It takes up the following question: How have nonstate leaders (i.e., civil leaders and community advocates) contributed to what James Scott has termed “state legibility”? While historical traces suggest that these actors have worked to lessen opposition to state projects, this activity remains empirically understudied and conceptually underdeveloped. Addressed to this problem, this article introduces the concept of consent building and proposes an analytic approach that focuses on the motivations of nonstate leaders, the obstacles of noncompliance they confront, and the persuasive tactics used to foster public cooperation. To illustrate the purchase of this approach, it presents a case study of local Latino promoters of the 2010 U.S. census. This analysis reveals how nonstate leaders can enable, rather than impede, the capacity to “see like a state.”

Drawing on in-depth interviews with 50 Latin American immigrants in Dallas, Texas, this article uncovers systematic distinctions in how immigrants holding different legal statuses perceive the threat of deportation. Undocumented immigrants recognize the precarity of their legal status, but they sometimes feel that their existence off the radar of the US immigration regime promotes their long-term presence in the country. Meanwhile, documented immigrants perceive stability in their legal status, but they sometimes view their existence on the radar of the US immigration regime as disadvantageous to their long-term presence in the country. The article offers the concept of system embeddedness—individuals' perceived legibility to institutions that maintain formal records—as a mechanism through which perceived visibility to the US immigration regime entails feelings of risk, and perceived invisibility feelings of safety. In this way, the punitive character of the US immigration regime can overwhelm its integrative functions, chilling immigrants out of opportunities for material and social well-being through legalization and legal status. More broadly, system embeddedness illuminates how perceived visibility to a record-keeping body that combines punitive and integrative goals represents a mechanism of legal stratification for subordinated populations—even absent prior punitive experiences with other social control institutions that might otherwise be thought to trigger their system avoidance.

Aim/Objective: To analyze the rivaroxaban prescriber's guide (PG) and patient alert card (PAC), evaluating their legibility, intelligibility, and comprehension, as well as how this information is transmitted and understood by healthcare professionals and patients, in Portugal. Methods: In the first phase, the readability and intelligibility of the text of the educational materials under study were assessed using text analysis. The second phase consisted of assessing the readability, knowledge, access, comprehension, application, and access of the written and illustrated information in the documents, by carrying out individual semi-structured interviews with the main target audiences (prescribers and patients) and focus groups with pharmacists and nurses, as professionals who are also involved in patient care and education process. Software's used were ALT, Coh-Metrix-Port 2.0, and MAXQDA-24. Results: Both the PG and the PAC showed a medium level of readability and intelligibility. In terms of lexical analysis, it was found that the texts of the educational materials place special emphasis on issues related to taking the medication, as well as those related to risk management, particularly bleeding. More than half of the doctors interviewed reported not using the PG. It stands out that doctors were more aware of the existence of the PG while most pharmacists and nurses were more aware of the PAC. All professionals were unanimous about the importance of the existence of educational materials for rivaroxaban. Most of the pharmacists and nurses reported not having access to educational materials in their practice and believe that their use is an asset in their practice. Only 50% of the patients interviewed were aware of the card and, of these, the majority said they had never used the PAC. However, those who habitually carry this material with them say that they feel it has had a positive impact on their use of the medicine. Conclusion: Generally, healthcare professionals and patients considered the educational materials to be materials that are legible, and intelligible, with an appropriate design and typographic factors. What stands out is the doctors' lack of knowledge and reading of the educational material aimed at them - the PG. As for the patients' readability, only three had read the educational material aimed at them - PAC. This study was the starting point from which a pilot intervention will be developed to test new educational formats with patients and healthcare professionals.

The production of state legibility has been a prolific subject of study. However, most works have not paid much attention to the quotidian labor of the street-level bureaucrats that implement legibility projects at a local level. The aim of this article is to explore the implementation of a social registry system at a local level to understand how frontline workers make the population legible. Instead of taking legibility as an object of evaluation or critique, we pay close attention to the inner workings of bureaucracies at the instances in which the sociomaterial conditions of the population are translated into data. Drawing from qualitative research in Peruvian municipalities, we describe the operations of an algorithmic system that classifies the population for the distribution of welfare. We observed how under-resourced bureaucrats were constrained by regulations and technologies of the system. Paradoxically, to make the system work for their local realities, the bureaucrats had to bend the rules and find workarounds. From this perspective, the making of legibility looks less like a top-down exercise of bureaucratic compliance or a story of domination over the population. Instead, we find actors attempting to maintain a delicate balance between inadequate legal rules, scarce resources, and sociopolitical demands.