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The importance of formative assessment in student learning is generally acknowledged, but it is not well understood across higher education. The identification of some key features of formative assessment opens the way for a discussion of theory. It is argued that there is a need for further theoretical development in respect of formative assessment, which needs to take account of disciplinary epistemology, theories of intellectual and moral development, students stages of intellectual development, and the psychology of giving and receiving feedback. A sketch is offered of the direction that this development might take. It is noted that formative assessment may be either constructive or inhibitory towards learning. Suggestions are made regarding research into formative assessment, and how research might contribute to the development of pedagogic practice. (HRK/text adopted).

Die Studieneingangsphase stellt Studierende vor vielschichtige Herausforderungen auf institutionell-organisatorischer, inhaltlicher und sozialer Ebene. Die Implementation von Peer-Learning-Formaten könnte diesen Herausforderungen begegnen. Diesen konnten bereits positive Effekte auf die vertiefte und aktivere inhaltliche Verarbeitung von Lerninhalten, auf motivationale Variablen und den Lernerfolg der Studierenden nachgewiesen werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde daher ein Peer-Learning-Format im Biologiestudium implementiert und der Zusammenhang zwischen Tutoriumsteilnahme der Studierenden und der inhaltlichen Verarbeitung, motivationalen Variablen sowie dem Lernerfolg von 178 Biologiestudierenden (M = 20.22 ± 2.74 Jahre; 68.5% weiblich) mittels multivariaten und univariaten Varianzanalysen untersucht. Neben der Teilnahme am Tutorium wurden zudem die Noten der Studierenden und die Lehr- und Lernbedingungen im Tutorium erhoben. Die vorliegenden Befunde sprechen für positive Zusammenhänge zwischen der Tutoriumsteilnahme und inhaltlichen sowie motivationalen Aspekten. Während der Abiturgesamtnote der Biologiestudierenden ein signifikanter Effekt auf die Klausurnote zugeschrieben werden konnte, wurden zudem positive Zusammenhänge zwischen Tutoriumsteilnahme und dem Studienerfolg der Biologiestudierenden festgestellt. Peer-Learning-Angebote könnten somit eine Option sein, Biologiestudierende in der Studieneingangsphase wirksam zu unterstützen. (DIPF/Orig.) The transition from school to university involves various challenges for the student body on an institutional, organizational, content-related and social level. The implementation of peer learning formats could address these challenges. Recent studies have already indicated positive effects on the processing of learning content, on motivational variables and on the learning success of university students. In the present study, a peer learning tutorial was implemented for first-year biology students. The relationships between participation in the tutorial and content processing, motivational variables, and the learning success of 178 biology students (M = 20.22 ± 2.74 years; 68.5% female) were examined by using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. Data on the students' grades and participation as well as the teaching and learning conditions in the tutorial were collected. The results showed positive relationships between participation in the tutorial and content-related and motivational aspects. While the final secondary-school grade (Abitur) had an effect on the final exam grade, participation in the tutorial had also a relationship to the learning success of the biology students. Peer learning tutorials could therefore provide an effective support in the challenging introductory phase for university biology students. (DIPF/Orig.)

In this article, I reflect on potential reasons for the seemingly persistent impression that dynamic testing has not delivered on its promise. Potential reasons are embedded in a paradox. On the one hand, validity-related expectations toward dynamic tests seem too broad. This includes fuzziness in defining the diagnostic target constructs, simplistic quantitative focus on conventional validity indices, and overgeneralized expectations regarding incremental validity. At the same time, the focus on dynamic testing seems too narrow. By introducing three tests of cognitive flexibility, I exemplify that dynamic testing has potential which goes beyond the assessment of learning potential in specific subpopulations. My ambition is to help in addressing potential users' misconceptions about dynamic testing productively. (übernommen).

This article describes experiences of 610 Dutch students and 241 students from other European countries who studied at least three months abroad within the framework of an international exchange program. The Dutch students went to a university in another European country and the foreign students went to a Dutch university. By means of a questionnaire students' perceptions of three main characteristics of the university learning environment were measured concerning the home university, the host university and the ideal learning environment. The students were also asked about their way of learning at the home university and at the host university, in particular about the extent of constructive learning and reproductive learning. Evidence was found for the influence of aspects of the learning environment on the two learning approaches; e.g., a learning environment characterized as student-oriented discourages reproductive learning and promotes constructive learning, especially when conceptual and epistemological relations within the learning domain are stressed. The learning environment preferences of the students were partly related to their learning orientations at the home university, but they were strikingly similar for students from different countries. There was a strong preference for those learning environment aspects that promote constructive learning. (HRK/text adopted).

In this book, leading scholars from multiple disciplines present their latest research on how to best measure complex knowledge, skills, and abilities using technology-based assessments. All authors discuss theoretical and practical implications from their research and outline their visions for the future of technology-based assessments. Chapters Two through Seven discuss game-based or simulation-based assessments developed using the ECD [Evidence Centered Design] framework. In Chapter 8, the authors present 'Good Assessment for Twentyfirstcentury Education' (GATE) and outline a framework for using games as assessments. In Chapter 9, the authors present an architecture for game-based assessment and describe relationships of learning goals, cognitive demands, and domain and task features. Chapters 10 and 11 focus specifically on using technology to assess inquiry learning. In Chapters 12, 13, and 14, the authors use cognitive load theory as a framework for designing technology-based assessments. The volume concludes with two Chapters, which explore technology-based assessments at a meta-level. (DIPF/Orig./pr).