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The article discusses the possibility for contracts to be partially formed or not fully complete under the Italian Civil Code and how these are to be treated in relation to enforcement and remedies. Partial agreement, incomplete contract, letter of intent, pre-contractual liability, breach

Certain legal instruments have been developed in business transactions in order to facilitate the conclusion of an agreement under negotiation. The instruments of this kind are called precontractual agreements. They play an important role in shaping the legal situation of entities involved in the negotiation process. The basis for concluding precontractual agreements is the main principle of civil law, namely, the principle of freedom of contract. The most often mentioned precontractual agreements include a letter of intent and an agreement to negotiate. A letter of intent is a statement of intent to conclude an agreement in the future, although at a later stage of the letters exchange, they may also include statements of intent to continue negotiations. Legal doctrine has not developed a consistent categorization of letters of intent. Such attempts are limited to separating a number of terms, which intrinsically describe similar legal instruments. furthermore, an agreement to negotiate is a separate type of unnamed agreement, which aims to prepare the procedure of concluding the final contract through negotiation. It is a temporary contract related to a specific agreement which it concerns. An agreement to negotiate is a due diligence agreement. The infringement of provisions of an agreement to negotiate will result in contractual liability. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether, at the current stage of shaping legal relations, it is necessary to regulate precontractual agreements at the level of Eu legislation in order to harmonize them in the European union.

This chapter contains sections titled: Mr Justice Clarke, in the case of RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v. Molkerei Alios Muller (2010), said ‘This case is another example of the perils of proceeding with work under a letter of intent’. What did he mean? What risk is a contractor taking if it receives a letter of intent which places a cap on expenditure, but carries out work in excess of the cap? When work is undertaken in accordance with a letter of intent without a contract being entered into, on what basis is the contractor or subcontractor entitled to be paid for the work carried out? Under what circumstances, if any, could a letter of intent be regarded as a concluded contract? What are the advantages and disadvantages to an employer and contractor in work being commenced on the basis of a letter of intent? Could an architect, engineer or project manager be negligent for recommending to an employer that a letter of intent be used?

The suit claims that “Dr. Brian Mitchell has experienced a nearly continuous pattern of discriminatory interference with achieving access to fair terms, conditions, and opportunities for advancement.”

We report on data from a revelatory qualitative case study of a failed attempt to form an international joint venture (IJV) agreement. We analyze issues related to distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational fairness and the roles of their occurrence in the course of the formation stage of an IJV. We find that perceptions of fairness types shape the partners' decision making logics (a property rights logic, a control rights logic, and a relational quality logic), which in turn influence the partners' evaluations of efficiency and equity of the proposed alliance and their decision on whether or not to form it. We develop propositions around this argument.

This study reports the processing and separation of gum rosin from pine gum (Pinusmerkusii). The research method was carried out with several stages, namely the process of tapping pine gum, the process of separation and purification. After the refining process, the gum rosin and turpentine oil are separated using a simple distillation technique. The results of gum rosin separation obtained from the distillation process were 86.67 with a soft point of 78.8°C, a vaporizing component of 0.976%, an acid number of 175.3125 and a saponification number of 178.81875. In addition to knowing the components of the gum rosin samples obtained, the identification of compounds was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of FTIR identification showed the presence of sp 2 C-H,-OH, sp 3 C-H, C=O,-CH 2 and - CH 3 groups, while GC-MS identification showed the presence components of Caryophyllene, Pimaric acid, Dehydroabietic acid, Abieticacid, and á-Pinene. The identification results indicate that the residue from the simple distillation is gum rosin.

What is the role of international organizations (IOs) in the formulation of domestic policy, and how much influence do citizens have in countries' negotiations with IOs? We examine these questions through a study of labor-related conditionality in International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans. Using new data from IMF loan documents for programs from 1980 to 2000, we test to see if citizens' economic interests influence IMF conditionality. We examine the substance of loan conditions and identify those that require liberalization in the country's domestic labor market or that have direct effects on employment, wages, and social benefits. We find evidence that democratic countries with stronger domestic labor receive less intrusive labor-related conditions in their IMF loan programs. We argue that governments concerned about workers' opposition to labor-related loan conditions negotiate with the IMF to minimize labor conditionality. We find that the IMF is responsive to domestic politics and citizens' interests.

As a major focus of global Internet security, peripheral equipment security is getting more and more attention. Due to the serious asymmetry between the high access level and the low protection level of the public security network and its peripheral equipment, it is very easy to be attacked by hackers. This paper briefly describes the Internet of things access technology, introduces the public security terminal network interconnection access mode and part of the network topology. Based on the preliminary analysis of the security of the software and hardware of the public security terminal network and its edge equipment, this paper analyzes the security of the public security terminal network and its peripheral equipment for the subsequent security design, to ensure the reliability of the public security terminal network and its peripheral equipment, and to strengthen the network security of the public security terminal network.

This study aimed to describe the recovery strategies used by the Spanish professional basketball teams playing in the “Liga ACB.” Data from all teams during the 2019-2020 season (n = 18), and the team promoted for the season 2020-2021 were collected using a six-section online survey. Protocols, timings, and recovery strategies employed differed among teams. However, natural and physical recovery strategies such as sleep/nap, food/fluid replacement, active field, or gym-based cool-downs, use of supplementation, active or passive stretching, cold/ice bath/shower/immesion, massage, and foam-rolling were the most used among seventeen teams (>89%). Food and fluid replacement, showed a higher presence in the recovery protocols after competition and practice, always used by thirteen or more teams (~70%). The design and supervision of recovery are multidisciplinary tasks in 74% of the teams. Only two teams (11%) acknowledged not periodizing or individualizing recovery, while the other seventeen used these procedures regularly, considering different parameters, being previous injuries a factor always present. Teams not reaching the playoffs used a higher number of recovery strategies on average. This study provides a real vision of how the “Liga ACB” teams use recovery protocols, and pertinent contextual information that may be used for coaches and practitioners to tailor them.