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\"Based on true events, a thrilling marriage of reportage and lived experience, this book tears apart the fabric of Russian Soviet repression with biting humor and wry insight. Here are stories of citizens who find themselves in extraordinary and remarkable conditions. Iona, the philosopher and bon vivant; Merab, whose discourses resemble those of Socrates; Irakli, the learned classicist; Anderson, the librarian; the gourmands, Maximovich and Petrov; Kukharuk, the barber. These people and many more form the unofficial aristocracy, the intelligentsia, of the gulag, and with them, serving a sentence for political agitation, Levan Berdzenishvili, to his surprise, spends some of the most enjoyable and enlightening days of his life\"--inside flap of front cover.

Background: Recently, exploring novel dietary nondigestible carbohydrates, which are able to influence the gut flora, has drawn much attention. The objective of this study was to find out the effective dose of levan, as a prebiotic, in rats in order to further apply in food industry. Methods: Levan at various doses (2-10%) was orally administered to male Wistar Albino rats once a day for 90 days. At the end of experiment, fecal and blood samples were collected to measure gut bacteria population and to carry out serum biochemical assay. The rats were sacrificed, and the colon tissues were stained with H&E and analyzed by histopathology. Results: Of note, levan effectively controlled body weight gain in the rats. Serum biochemical analysis revealed that 5% levan significantly diminished the serum level of total cholesterol, LDL, and glucose as well. More notably, 5% levan intake significantly increased the abundance of bifidobacteria population, highlighting its bifidogenic effect. Furthermore, our histopathological result revealed that daily intake of levan was associated with a higher degree of thickness of the mucosa layer compared to the rats in control group. Moreover, these findings manifested no colon inflammation in the rats fed with levan. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide the fundamental data to use levan at a definite dose for further development in functional foods.

Thanks to the great efforts of our reviewers, Diversity was able to maintain its standards for the high quality of its published papers. Abakumov, A. I. Kumar, Anuj Abbas, Sawaid Kumar, Pankaj Abdullah Kupfer, Alexander Abe, Hirokazu Kupriyanova, Elena Abé, Hiroshi Kurabayashi, Atsushi Abegg, Daniel Kušan, Ivana Aboal, Marina Kush, John Abou-Elwafa, Salah Fatouh La Porta, Gianandrea Abrahamczyk, Stefan Labokas, Juozas Abrahão Nencioni, Ana Leonor Lacerda, André Eduardo Biscaia Accoroni, Stefano Laguna, Emilio Acevedo, Flor Edith Lalis, Aude Acharya, Ram Prasad Lampadariou, Nikolaos Ács, Éva Landell, Melissa Acuña, Jacquelinne Langeneck, Joachim Adams, Benjamin Langer, Max Adamska, Edyta Langowski, Julian Adhikari, Atin Lantzouraki, Dimitra Ågren, Göran I. Lanzoni, Olivia Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso Larriba Tornel, Eduardo Aguirre-Macedo, Ma Leopoldina Lauri, Antonella Alagador, Diogo Lavoie, Kathleen Hoey Albayrak, Tamer Lax, Gordon Aleixo, Alexandre Lazarina, Maria Alejandro, Salinas-Melgoza Le, Van Giang Aleksandrowicz, Oleg Lebedeva, Natalia V. Aleksandrowicz-Trzcińska, Marta Leblond, Mathieu Alevi, Kaio Cesar Chaboli Lebre, Pedro Alexandrova, Alina Lech, Paweł Alizadeh, Hossein Lee, Derek E. Allainguillaume, Joel Lee, Jaehyuck Allegrezza, Marina Lee, Jess G H Allen, Edith B. Lee, Phyllis Ammirati, Joseph F. Legalov, Andrei Amori, Giovanni Legović, Tarzan An, Junghwa Lehr, Edgar Anas, Abdulaziz Leitner, Stefan Andrea, Sass-Gyarmati Lejman, Agnieszka Andrello, Marco Leoni, Claudia Andrey, Frolov Leplat, Johann Androsiuk, Piotr Lessios, Harilaos A. Aneece, Itiya Levas, Stephen Angel, Dror L. Li, Yiming Angeletti, Lorenzo Li, Yinghui Angelini, Corrado Liao, Chien-Sen Angst, Delphine Liaqat, Iram Antal, László Likhoshway, Yelena Valentinovna Antoł, Andrzej Lingafelter, Steven W. Antoniadou, Chryssanthi Linløkken, Arne N. Araujo, Ricardo Liordos, Vasilios Archer, Stephanie LIPSA, Florin Daniel Arculeo, Marco Lirman, Diego Arenas-Castro, Salvador Llewelyn, John Arias, Andres Lloyd, Huw Armstrong, Eric J. Lobiuc, Andrei Arnaiz, Ana Lobo-Arteaga, Jorge Arrondo, Eneko López Collado, José Artyszak, Arkadiusz Lopez, Blanca R. Artyukova, Elena V. López, Heriberto Ashwood, Frank López-Cortegano, Eugenio Asnicar, Francesco López-Pujol, Jordi Augustinos, Antonios A. Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos Aulitto, Martina Łotocka, Barbara Avian, Massimo Loubota Panzou, Grace Jopaul Avramidou, Evangelia Loughry, Jim Aylward, Frank O. Lövei, Gabor L. Azeez, Musibau A. Lovelace, David Azevedo, José Lubin, Yael D. Azhar, Isham Lucardi, Rima Babenko, Anatoly Lucic, Davor Babeshko, Kirill V. Lukhtanov, Vladimir A. Badjakov, Ilian Lull, Cristina Badr, Abdelfattah Lupo, Karen D. Baki, Abul B. M. Luz, Garcia-Longoria Balakirev, Evgeniy S. Lymberakis, Petros Balčiauskas, Linas Maák, István Elek Balčiauskienė, Laima Macabeo, Allan Patrick G. Ballesteros, Jesús A. Maciver, Sutherland Banach, Artur Mafessoni, Fabrizio Bang, Hyun Woo Magain, Nicolas Banko, Paul Magalhaes, Ivan Baquero, Enrique Magoga, Giulia Baranow, Przemysław Magris, Rafael Almeida Barcaccia, Gianni Máguas, Cristina Barcyté, Dovilé Majaneva, Markus Barinova, Sophia Major, Heather Barnes, William Majoros, Gabor Barreiros, João Pedro Makraki, Maristela C. Bartilotti, Catia Makrakis, Sergio Bartish, Igor V. Mallinis, Giorgios Bartolucci, Fabrizio Mammola, Stefano Bartz, Marie Manenti, Raoul Baschien, Christiane Manfrin, Chiara Bastidas, Carolina Manickavelu, Alagu Basu, Saumik Mantelatto, Fernando L. Bataille, Clément Manton, Michael Bavestrello, Giorgio Mao, Luca Beauger, Aude Marć, Małgorzata Anna Becchimanzi, Andrea Marchán, Daniel F. Beckers, Patrick Marchant, Richard Beckett, Stephen J. Marcos, Rubal Bedek, Jana Marcysiak, Katarzyna Bedini, Gianni Mareckova, Marketa Bejarano, Ivonne Maresi, Giorgio Bekkouche, Nicolas Tarik Marine, Gouezo Belk, Mark Marrer, Andrea Rita Bell, Jeffrey Marrone, Federico Bellaloui, Nacer Marshall, Cicely Bellido, Juan Jesús Marsili, Letizia Belmonte, Genuario Martellos, Stefano Benedek, Ana Maria Martens, Andreas Beris, Despoina Martin, Graham Berkeley, Lorelle I. Martin, Paul Berline, Leo Martinelli, Julieta Bernstein, Nirit Martinez-Cruz, Adan L. Bertolani, Roberto Martínez-Solano, Iñigo Bertolino, Sandro Martins, Roberto Bespalaya, Yulia V. Martyka, Rafał Betekhtin, Alexander Marullo, Rita Bevilacqua, Stanislao Massimino Cocuzza, Giuseppe Eros Bharudin, Izwan Massó, Sergi (Alemán) Bhattacharjee, Joydeep Mateo-Ramírez, Ángel Bi, Yonghong Mateus, Catarina S. Bicudo, Carlos Maurizi, Emanuela Biebach, Iris Mawson, Peter R. M. Blair, Christopher Maxim, Aurel Blake, Stephen May, Michael L. Blinov, Alexandr Mayfield, Anderson Bobori, Dimitra C. Mazzoleni, Sofia Boero, Ferdinando Mccarthy, Peter Boieiro, Mário McFarlane, Donald A. Boissin, Emilie McGaughran, Angela Bologna, Paul. A. X. McGuire, Betty Borczyk, Bartosz McGuire, Liam Bordehore, Cesar McKinnon, Emily Borges, Paulo A. V. McKnight, Diane Borowsky, Richard L. McLaren, Kurt Borrell, Yaisel J. Medel Ortiz, Rosario Bosso, Luciano Mehraj, Hasan Bostan, Hamed Meilland, Julie Bota-Sierra, Cornelio A. Meirelles, Sarah Laguna Conceição Bouras, Noureddine Meißner, Karin Bowman, J. P. Meleg, Ioana Nicoleta Bozdoğan, Hakan Melekhina, E. N. Bracalini, Matteo Menzel, Christopher M. Braga, Juan Mercati, Francesco Bramanti, Lorenzo Merciu, Cristina Branco, Paulo Mercuri, Anna María Brandmayr, Pietro Merten, Eric Brankov, Milan Mestre, Frederico Breck, Stewart Meyer, Harry Brestic, Marian Michalet, Richard Breviario, Diego Michalik, Peter Bright, Benjamin C. Middleton, Maarit Brightsmith, Donald Mierek-Adamska, Agnieszka Brittain, John Migliore, Luciana Broadhurst, Linda Mikac, Barbara Brocklehurst, Robert Mike, Reich Broll, Gabriele Milito, Alfonsina Browne, Nicola Milto, Konstantin D. Brščić, Kristina Minasiewicz, Julita Brunbjerg, Ane Kirstine Miño, Carolina Isabel Brustolin, Marco Colossi Mioduchowska, Monika Bryant, Peter Mirlohi, Aghafakhr Brygadyrenko, Viktor V. Mitliagka, Paraskevi Buckland, Stephen Miura, Chihiro Bujoczek, Leszek Miura, Kazuki Bulet, Philippe Miyaki, Cristina Y. Bull, James Mocanu, Irina Georgiana Burbidge, Allan H. Moehrenschlager, Axel Burlakova, Lyubov Mohandesan, Elmira Burnett, Stephen Moldovan, Oana Teodora Butnariu, Monica Mollov, Ivelin Byun, Chaeho Moncalvo, Jean-Marc Cabra-García, Jimmy Monokrousos, Nikolaos Caeiro, Maria Filomena Monroe, Adrian Cafasso, Donata Monteiro, João Gama Cai, Fangfang Moorkens, Evelyn Cairns, Stephen D. Morales, Eduardo A. Caldara, Roberto Morandini, Andre C. Calder, Dale R. Morchón, Rodrigo Calleja Alarcón, Juan Antonio Moreira Da Costa, Luis Calor, Adolfo R. Moreira Da Rocha, Juan Camacho, Agustín Morello, Laura Camacho, Ana Isabel Moreno-Letelier, Alejandra Cambria, Salvatore Morett, Enrique Campera, Marco Mori, Emiliano Čandek, Klemen Moseyko, Alexey Cantero, Eduardo Valencia Moss, Anthony G. Caparros-Martin, José Mothopo, Natasha Capelo, Jorge Mottern, Jason L. Caputi, Luigi Mowry, Christopher B. Cargnus, Elena Moyle, Robert Carpenter, James M. Mu, Mingquan Carroll, John Mueller, Rolf Casas, Fabián Müller, Hartmut Casavecchia, Simona Mumladze, Levan Castillo, Pablo Muñoz, Marcia Carolina Castro, Peter Muriel, Jaime Castro-Sanguino, Carolina Murienne, Jerome Catarino, Luís Mustafa, Ahmed Catenazzi, Alessandro Mylona, Photini Cattani, Douglas J. Nacarino-Meneses, Carmen Cavraro, Francesco Nagaike, Takuo Ceccarelli, Fadia Sara Nandini, Sarma Cellini, Juan Manuel Napora-Rutkowski, Łukasz Celussi, Mauro Nasi, Federica Cerasoli, Francesco Naumova, Maria Česonienė, Laima Naves, Michel Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo Naya, Daniel Chakarov, Nayden Neiber, Marco T. Chamberlain, James Neilson, Roy Chao, Zhi Nekaris, Anne Charalambidou, Iris Neophytou, Charalambos Chatzigeorgiou, Giorgos Neto, Carlos Cheimona, Nikolina Nie, Yunpeng Chertoprud, Elena Nikolić, Ljiljana Chiaverano, Luciano Nikoloudakis, Nikolaos Chiu, Chingan Ninot, Josep M. Chiver, Ioana Noman, Efaq Chivulescu, Serban Norconk, Marilyn Chmura, Damian Norman, Anita J. Cho, Sung-Jin Noumeur, Sara R. Choudhary, Shruti Nováková, Alena Chow, Seinen Novikov, Arthur I. Christian, Alan Novotna, Alzbeta Christian, Erhard Nozawa, Yoko Christmas, Matthew Ntislidou, Chrysoula Christou, Epaminondas D. Nugnes, Francesco Chua, Eng Guan Obolewski, Krystian Chueca, Luis J. O'Brien, Allyson Chwedorzewska, Katarzyna Joanna O'Brien, Joseph J. Čiampor, Fedor, Jr. Ocaña, Oscar V. Cianferoni, Fabio Odierna, Gaetano Cicala, Davide Ogórek, Rafał Cieri, Robert L. Oguiura, Nancy Ciloglu, Arif Oikonomou, Anthi Ciminski, Kevin Ojaveer, Henn Cioffi, Marcelo Okabe, Kimiko Cipriano, Giulia Oleksa, Andrzej Cires, Eduardo Oliveira-Júnior, José Max Barbosa Clark, Jennifer M. Öllerer, Kinga Codina, Georgiana Ondreičková, Katarína Cogoni, Donatella Orlić, Sandi Cohen, Jeremy Ortega, Alfredo Coleine, Claudia Otto, Stefan Collazo, Jaime A. Ottonello, Dario Collins, Allen Ouahmane, Lahcen Collins, Gemma Elyse Overcas, Isaac Collins, Rupert Owen, Jeb P. Colussi, Silvia Oxford, Geoff Coman, Cristian Ozalp, Cengiz Connette, Grant Ożgo, Małgorzata Connor, Melanie Ozimec, Siniša Constantinidis, Theophanis Pacioglu, Octavian Cooper, Steve Paczos-Grzeda, Edyta Corbi, Juliano José Padra, Médea Correia, Miguel Palaghianu, Ciprian Cortis, Pierluigi Paliaga, Paolo Cosoveanu, Andreea Panitsa, Maria Costa, Ana Cristina Pantaleoni, Roberto Antonio Costa, José Lino Panyutina, Aleksandra Costa-Campos, Carlos Eduardo Papakostas, Spiros Costello, John Park, Joo Myun Cotrim, Sónia C. Park, Soo Je Couch, Courtney S. Pastorino, Paolo Cozzi, Cristina Paterson, Mandy Craeymeersch, Johan A. M. Patkowska, Elżbieta Crego, Ramiro Daniel Paule, Ladislav Cremades Ugarte, Javier Paunović, Momir Croft, Larry Pavoine, Sandrine Crother, Brian Pawluśkiewicz, Bogumiła Cruz, Joana Pearson, Ryan M. Csaba, Csuzdi Pedro, Naves Cunha, Luís Pei, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Curci, Maddalena Peirano, Andrea Currás, Andrés Pellegrino, Luca Cushing, Paula Penning, David A. Czajkowski, Robert Pepi, Mi

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are an essential group of compounds secreted by bacteria. These versatile EPSs are utilized individually or in combination with different materials for a broad range of biomedical field functions. The various applications can be explained by the vast number of derivatives with useful properties that can be controlled. This review offers insight on the current research trend of nine commonly used EPSs, their biosynthesis pathways, their characteristics, and the biomedical applications of these relevant bioproducts.

Background Although Levan-type fructooligosaccharides (L-FOS) have been shown to exhibit prebiotic properties, no efficient methods for their large-scale production have been proposed. One alternative relies on the simultaneous levan synthesis from sucrose, followed by endolevanase hydrolysis. For this purpose, several options have been described, particularly through the synthesis of the corresponding enzymes in recombinant Escherichia coli. Major drawbacks still consist in the requirement of GRAS microorganisms for enzyme production, but mainly, the elimination of glucose and fructose, the reaction by-products. Results The expression of a fusion enzyme between Bacillus licheniformis endolevanase (LevB1) and B. subtilis levansucrase (SacB) in Pichia pastoris cultures, coupled with the simultaneous synthesis of L-FOS from sucrose and the elimination of the residual monosaccharides, in a single one-pot process was developed. The proof of concept at 250 mL flask-level, resulted in 8.62 g of monosaccharide-free L-FOS and 12.83 gDCW of biomass, after 3 successive sucrose additions (30 g in total), that is a 28.7% yield (w L-FOS/w sucrose) over a period of 288 h. At a 1.5 L bioreactor-level, growth considerably increased and, after 59 h and two sucrose additions, 72.9 g of monosaccharide-free L-FOS and 22.77 gDCW of biomass were obtained from a total of 160 g of sucrose fed, corresponding to a 45.5% yield (w L-FOS/w sucrose), 1.6 higher than the flask system. The L-FOS obtained at flask-level had a DP lower than 20 fructose units, while at bioreactor-level smaller oligosaccharides were obtained, with a DP lower than 10, as a consequence of the lower endolevanase activity in the flask-level. Conclusion We demonstrate here in a novel system, that P. pastoris cultures can simultaneously be used as comprehensive system to produce the enzyme and the enzymatic L-FOS synthesis with growth sustained by sucrose by-products. This system may be now the center of an optimization strategy for an efficient production of glucose and fructose free L-FOS, to make them available for their application as prebiotics. Besides, P. pastoris biomass also constitutes an interesting source of unicellular protein.

Polysaccharides are essential components with diverse functions in living organisms and find widespread applications in various industries. They serve as food additives, stabilizers, thickeners, and fat substitutes in the food industry, while also contributing to dietary fiber for improved digestion and gut health. Plant-based polysaccharides are utilized in paper, textiles, wound dressings, biodegradable packaging, and tissue regeneration. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetology, as well as in the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Among microbial biopolymers, microbial levan, a fructose polysaccharide, holds significant promise due to its high productivity and chemical diversity. Levan exhibits a wide range of properties, including film-forming ability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, self-aggregation, encapsulation, controlled release capacity, water retention, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, as well as high biocompatibility. These exceptional properties position levan as an attractive candidate for nature-based materials in food production, modern cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacy. Advancing the understanding of microbial polymers and reducing production costs is crucial to the future development of these fields. By further exploring the potential of microbial biopolymers, particularly levan, we can unlock new opportunities for sustainable materials and innovative applications that benefit various industries and contribute to advancements in healthcare, environmental conservation, and biotechnology.

Beneficial rhizobacteria promote plant growth and protect plants against phytopathogens. Effective colonization on plant roots is critical for the rhizobacteria to exert beneficial activities. How bacteria migrate swiftly in the soil of semisolid or solid nature remains unclear. Here we report that sucrose, a disaccharide ubiquitously deployed by photosynthetic plants for fixed carbon transport and storage, and abundantly secreted from plant roots, promotes solid surface motility (SSM) and root colonization by Bacillus subtilis through a previously uncharacterized mechanism. Sucrose induces robust SSM by triggering a signaling cascade, first through extracellular synthesis of polymeric levan, which in turn stimulates strong production of surfactin and hyper-flagellation of the cells. B. subtilis poorly colonizes the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in root-exudation of sucrose, while exogenously added sucrose selectively shapes the rhizomicrobiome associated with the tomato plant roots, promoting specifically bacilli and pseudomonad. We propose that sucrose activates a signaling cascade to trigger SSM and promote rhizosphere colonization by B. subtilis . Our findings also suggest a practicable approach to boost prevalence of beneficial Bacillus species in plant protection.

Levan or fructan, a polysaccharide of fructose, is widely used in various commercial industries. Levan could be produced by many organisms, including plants and bacteria. The cloning of the gene from Bacillus licheniformis, which expressed levansucrase in Escherichia coli host, was carried out successfully. In the present study, we performed the in vitro production of levan and analyzed its potential application as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.BackgroundLevan or fructan, a polysaccharide of fructose, is widely used in various commercial industries. Levan could be produced by many organisms, including plants and bacteria. The cloning of the gene from Bacillus licheniformis, which expressed levansucrase in Escherichia coli host, was carried out successfully. In the present study, we performed the in vitro production of levan and analyzed its potential application as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.In vitro levan production catalyzed by heterologous-expressed levansucrase Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 was optimized with Box-Wilson design. The antibacterial activity of the produced levan was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while its antioxidant activity was tested by free radical scavenging assays.MethodsIn vitro levan production catalyzed by heterologous-expressed levansucrase Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 was optimized with Box-Wilson design. The antibacterial activity of the produced levan was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while its antioxidant activity was tested by free radical scavenging assays.The optimum conditions for levan production were observed at 36 °C and pH 7 in 12% (w/v) sucrose for levansucrase Lsbl-bk1, while the optimum catalysis of levansucrase Lsbl-bk2 was obtained at 32 oC and pH 8 in the same sucrose concentration. The in vitro synthesized levan showed an antibacterial activity within a concentration range of 10-20% (w/v) against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The same levan was also able to inhibit the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with the antioxidant strength of 75% compared to ascorbic acid inhibition.ResultsThe optimum conditions for levan production were observed at 36 °C and pH 7 in 12% (w/v) sucrose for levansucrase Lsbl-bk1, while the optimum catalysis of levansucrase Lsbl-bk2 was obtained at 32 oC and pH 8 in the same sucrose concentration. The in vitro synthesized levan showed an antibacterial activity within a concentration range of 10-20% (w/v) against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The same levan was also able to inhibit the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with the antioxidant strength of 75% compared to ascorbic acid inhibition.Our study, therefore, shows that the optimized heterologous expression of levansucrases encoded by Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 could open the way for industrial levan production as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.ConclusionOur study, therefore, shows that the optimized heterologous expression of levansucrases encoded by Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 could open the way for industrial levan production as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

Considering the significant advances in nanostructured systems in various biomedical applications and the escalating need for levan-based nanoparticles as delivery systems, this study aimed to fabricate levan nanoparticles by the electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) technique. The hydrolyzed derivative of levan polysaccharide from Halomonas smyrnensis halophilic bacteria, hydrolyzed Halomonas levan (hHL), was used. Nanoparticles were obtained by optimizing the EHDA parameters and then they were characterized in terms of morphology, molecular interactions, drug release and cell culture studies. The optimized hHL and resveratrol (RS)-loaded hHL nanoparticles were monodisperse and had smooth surfaces. The particle diameter size of hHL nanoparticles was 82.06 ± 15.33 nm. Additionally, release of RS from the fabricated hHL nanoparticles at different pH conditions were found to follow the first-order release model and hHL with higher RS loading showed a more gradual release. In vitro biocompatibility assay with human dermal fibroblast cell lines was performed and cell behavior on coated surfaces was observed. Nanoparticles were found to be safe for healthy cells. Consequently, the fabricated hHL-based nanoparticle system may have potential use in drug delivery systems for wound healing and tissue engineering applications and surfaces could be coated with these electrosprayed particles to improve cellular interaction.

The gut microbiota interacts with dietary nutrients and can modify host feeding behavior, but underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Gut bacteria digest complex carbohydrates that the host cannot digest and liberate metabolites that serve as energy sources and signaling molecules. Here, we use a gnotobiotic mouse model to examine how gut bacterial fructose polysaccharide metabolism influences host intake of diets containing these carbohydrates. Two Bacteroides species ferment fructans with different glycosidic linkages: B. thetaiotaomicron ferments levan with β2-6 linkages, whereas B. ovatus ferments inulin with β2-1 linkages. We find that mice eat relatively more diet containing the carbohydrate that their gut bacteria cannot ferment compared to the fermentable ones: mice colonized with B. thetaiotaomicron consume more inulin diet, while mice colonized with B. ovatus consume more levan diet. Knockout of bacterial fructan utilization genes attenuates this difference, whereas swapping the fermentation ability of B. thetaiotaomicron to inulin confers increased consumption of levan diet. Bacterial fructan fermentation and host feeding behavior are associated with neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results reveal that bacteria nutrient metabolism modulates host food consumption through sensing of differential energy extraction, which contributes to our understanding of determinants of food choice. Gut bacteria digest dietary fiber and release molecules as energy for the host. Here, Yu et al . find that the ability of certain gut bacteria to digest different fibers influences host consumption of food containing these fibers.