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The article deals with the nonstandard gotta from the point of view of orthography and grammar. Using two corpora, the BNC and the GB sub-corpus of GloWbe, the convergence of gotta with other nonstandard spellings is discussed alongside its grammatical behavior (in terms of inversion, negation, auxiliary use), which is different from that of the core English modals. However, on semantic grounds alone, gotta can be considered an emerging modal. The final section of the article is dedicated to gotta in computer-mediated language, motivated by its presence in the latter corpus, which covers gotta on the Internet. It is concluded that gotta may also be seen as an illustration of an emerging orthographical norm that represents actual speech due to the freedom conferred by the Internet which creates the ripe communicative context for such a norm to surface.

This article comprises and analyses the building process of the complex Madrid’s overall picture emerging from the various proverbs, sayings, idioms from Sbarbi’s Dictionary, referring to Madrid, as well as to its substitutes and other integrating elements. In this article, we aim to approach and outline the Madrid image that these proverbs bring to us in the current realm of rhetoric and the information needed to understand them, provided by the wide range of rhetoric fields, and overlapping time frames, which allow us to unveil the fundamental meaning, and therefore, the phrase evolution in time and its cultural itinerary. The cultural archaeology and the rhetoric explain the overlapping and changes and for this purpose, we will make use of the tools of the General and Cultural Rhetoric conceived and consolidated by Antonio García Berrio, Tomás Albaladejo and Francisco Chico Rico.In this article, we will analyse, classify, and interpret various idioms including the toponym of Madrid or any other elements linked to the city, since there is an important cultural historically rooted component which also belongs to the present time, so it involves a creative manipulation and a change in the realm of rhetoric.

Composition is the tool to create new words with which some ancient Indo-European languages are particularly endowed, and much has been written, for example, about Greek, Sanskrit or Latin. This paper concentrates on the 2nd millennium Greek (Mycenaean Greek), highlighting how all the main compositional categories are recognisable in comparison with the 1st millennium Greek. Through an analysis (with appropriate examples) that briefly reviews all the compositional categories (possessive and endocentric compounds, prepositional and verbal governing compounds), we will try to demonstrate how nominal composition shows an important development despite the bureaucratic-administrative nature of the lexicon of Mycenaean archives.

No other phenomenon has affected the natural course of life of the entire planet since World War II until the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to implementing the rules generated by the state of emergency or by the state of alert, the citizens are seeking parallel solutions, that function as a refuge, where they can withdraw from fear. Being out of control, this feeling can irreparably paralyse rational thinking. Natively endowed with a very well-developed sense of humour, our compatriots found an opportunity to turn it to account by using their ingenuity. They created a rich inventory of comic texts, which would sweeten the fear of the unfriendly profile of this coronavirus. In this paper we refer to a special type of urban folk literature, generated, as previously stated, by physical isolation at home, but which occurred simultaneously with the exit from latency of a spirit which is thirsty for figment. To be more specific, we analyzed some of the jokes that have circulated on various communication channels (especially electronic ones) and whose invariant theme is the human existence during the epidemic, captured in all its fundamental aspects. A condition for the successful communication of a joke is placing the interlocutors in a familiar context of immediate conceptions, interests and aspirations, which means that both the speaker and the recipient benefit from a common background. On the one hand, we tried to identify the semantic meaning of the texts we took into consideration, and on the other hand, we studied how we are led, “activated” to the pragmatic meaning of the statement through latent, implicit content.

Between specialised and general language, the domain of fashion is of great interest for the study of terminology: a terminology that, following the trends of an era, evolves over time and space. In this context, this study focuses on a fashion accessory of ancient origin and on its terminology: the ruff. Very fashionable in the 16th and 17th century, after having symbolised the austerity and rigour of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, the ruff became a symbol of elegance and power. Nowadays, some fashion companies have reintroduced this accessory whose value has changed: contemporary ruffs are extravagant accessories for their shapes and sizes, that inevitably evoke the 16th and 17th century.The study of ruffs requires heterogeneous sources, such as manuals of fashion history, technical documents and lexicographic resources. Moreover, iconographic sources – paintings, sculptures, sketches – are to be collected and analysed, since they clarify similitudes and differences between different types of ruffs. After having described the most important sources for this study, the history of ruff is presented into details, in order to describe its different models. Then, a terminological analysis is conducted: the French terminology of this accessory is presented, with a focus on the difference between the terms fraise, collerette and gorgerette. The French terminology is compared to the Italian one and a French-Italian glossary is prepared in order to answer to the needs of experts of communication, translator and people working in the fashion field.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the terminology designating humours as it appears in Romania. From medicine to literature, from the Hippocratic theory of the four humours (umori) to the etymological doublet umor, this research paper will investigate the semantic and onomasiological fluctuations of three lexical fields: umoare (fluid), umoare (temperament) and umor (humour). The study does not aim to provide a comprehensive inventory of the terms (and their contexts) belonging to these semantic categories, but to identify the terms denoting the three concepts and their evolution in the Romanian language in its process of modernisation.

In the collections of the Russian State Library and the Russian National Library, two hand-written Komi-Permyak dictionaries were found, which were not previously mentioned in the scientific literature. According to preliminary data, the newly discovered manuscripts are versions of the Russian-Permyak dictionary by Fedot Aleksejevič Volegov (1790—1856). The dictionary of F. A. Volegov is known due to the publication of a handwritten copy from the Antal Reguly collection, carried out by Károly Rédei (1968). This article presents: the biography of F. A. Volegov and some data about his Russian-Permyak dictionary; a brief archaeographic description of both newly discovered manuscripts; preliminary textological observations on the relationship of these two manuscripts with already known handwritten copies of the Russian-Permyak dictionary by F. A. Volegov.

The paper provides brief biographies of the compilers of the first printed dictionaries of the Komi language, Andrey Andreevich Tsember and Nikolay Aleksandrovich Shakhov. Their goals and procedures in compiling the dictionaries, their materials, methods of presentation, and the types of defining word meanings are analyzed. In general, both dictionaries, the Russian–Komi-Zyrian dictionary by Andrey Tsember (1910) and the concise Komi-Russian dictionary by Nikolay Shakhov (1924) played a great role in the development of Komi linguistics, culture, education and national consciousness of the Komi at the beginning of the 20th century.

This article presents the results of research on the free infinitive construction with um zu in spoken German, which were obtained by considering the structure of this construction, its prosodic realization, its functions within the conversation, all on the basis of the corpus consisting of parts of authentic conversations in which this construction appears. Due to its syntax independence, lexical specificity and semantics that do not represent the sum of individual meanings of its constituents, it is treated in this article as a construction. The research has shown that a free infinitive construction with um zu makes explicit verbal moves that can precede or follow it and that make changes to conversational determinants such as theme, role of the speaker, narrative actions, narrative modus, way of formulation or retain this determinant.The status of the word nochmal also proved to be extremely interesting within this construction which is mostly semantically emptied and grammaticalized functions as a word specific to this construction.

Degree modifiers represent linguistic items employed to alter other elements in relation to their degree. Despite being a well–studied category in English linguistics, degree modifiers in Croatian have received limited attention. This study aims to address this gap by examining a set of Croatian degree modifiers as a part of construction. Initially, a corpus analysis is used, and the 29 most frequent degree modifiers of adjectives in the hrWaC corpus are identified. To analyse the examined modifier, we turn to the distributional hypothesis and examine collocational contexts in which modifiers occur. By employing a simple collexeme analysis, we quantify the degree of attraction between a given degree modifier and adjective for each construction and its 1000 most frequent adjectival collocates. The results of simple collexeme analysis then serve as input for hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis, shedding light on the clustering patterns of Croatian degree modifiers based on their favoured collexemes. Simple collexeme analysis reveals itself as successful in filtering out collexems that consistently appear irrespective of the context, proving its superiority over methods relying solely on raw frequencies. The subsequent cluster analysis exposes some discrepancies between the modifiers’ function and their cluster profiling, resulting in clusters lacking functional homogeneity. Nonetheless, certain subclusters demonstrate perfect or almost perfect stability and empirical support, affirming the (near–)synonymy among involved modifiers.