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Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism
The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of liberal multilateralism (LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order of postnational liberalism (LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards and institutionalizing state inequality. We argue that these institutional features of the postnational LIO II led to legitimation problems, which explain both the current wave of contestations and the strategies chosen by different contestants. We develop our argument first by mapping the growing liberal intrusiveness of international institutions. Second, we demonstrate the increased level and variety of contestations in international security and international refugee law. We show that increased liberal intrusiveness has led to a variety of contestation strategies, the choice of which is affected by the preference of a contestant regarding postnational liberalism and its power within the contested institution.
Journal Article
The end of liberal international order?
These are not happy times for liberal internationalists. No one can be sure how deep the crisis of liberal internationalism runs. However, in what follows, I argue that despite its troubles, liberal internationalism still has a future. The nature of the crisis is surprising. The threats to liberal internationalism were expected to come from rising non-western states seeking to undermine or overturn the postwar order. In the face of hostile, revisionist states, the United States and Europe were expected to stand shoulder to shoulder to protect the gains from 70 years of cooperation. But, in fact, liberal internationalism is more deeply threatened by developments within the West itself. The centrist and progressive coalitions that lay behind the postwar liberal order have weakened. Liberal democracy itself appears fragile and polarized, vulnerable to far right populism and backlash politics. In recent decades, the working and middle classes in advanced industrial democracies—the original constituencies and beneficiaries of an open and cooperative international order—have faced rising economic inequality and stagnation. Within the West, liberal internationalism is increasingly seen, not as a source of stability and solidarity among like-minded states, but as a global playing field for the wealthy and influential. Liberal internationalism has lost its connection to the pursuit of social and economic advancement within western countries.
Journal Article
The basic characteristics of east Asian tourism culture and the impact of bidirectional interaction in the communication process on attention deficit patients
BackgroundAttention deficit is a common psychological and behavioural disorder in childhood, characterized by difficulty concentrating attention, emotional impulses, and excessive activity. East Asia is a region with multiple ethnic groups, religions, and uneven economic, political, and social development. There are certain homogeneity or heterogeneity in East Asian tourism culture, as well as diversity and differences. To improve patient symptoms and enhance their intellectual level, the basic characteristics of tourism culture and the impact of two-way interaction on patients were studied.Subjects and Methods78 children with attention deficit admitted to our hospital were selected as the subjects and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. Both groups of patients were treated with sustained-release tablets of methylphenidate hydrochloride, and the experimental group received behavioural intervention through East Asian tourism. The treatment lasts for 15 weeks and travels once a week.ResultsThe study used SPSS23.0 statistical software for data analysis. The analysis results showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the scores of each dimension of the CRT scale between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). After the intervention, the scores of each dimension of the CRT scale in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe combination of East Asian tourism behaviour intervention and medication therapy for attention deficit patients can help improve their cognitive function and psychological behaviour.AcknowledgementHunan New Liberal Arts Research and Reform Practice Project, No. (2021)94-51; Key topics of Hunan Provincial Department of Education, No.22A0519.
Journal Article
Richard Wainwright, the Liberals and Liberal Democrats
Richard Wainwright, the Liberals and Liberal Democrats: Unfinished Business now available in paperback, offers new research on familiar themes involving loyalties of politics, faith and locality. Richard Wainwright was a Liberal MP for seventeen years during the Party’s recovery, but his life tells us about much more than this. Wainwright grew up in prosperity, but learned from voluntary work about poverty; he refused to fight in World War Two, but saw war at its cruellest; he joined the Liberal Party when most had given up on it, but gave his fortune to it; lost a by-election but caused the only Labour loss in Harold Wilson’s landslide of 1966. He then played a key role in the fall of Jeremy Thorpe, the Lib-Lab Pact and the formation of the SDP-Liberal Alliance and the Liberal Democrats; he represented a unique Yorkshire constituency which reflected his pride and hope for society; and though he gave his life to the battle to be in the Commons, he refused a seat in the Lords.Richard Wainwright's story is central to the story of the Liberal Party and sheds light on the reasons for its survival and the state of its prospects. At the same time this book is a parable of politics for anyone who wants to represent an apparently lost cause, who wants to motivate people who have been neglected, and who wants to follow their convictions at the highest level.
eBook
Struggles for Recognition: The Liberal International Order and the Merger of Its Discontents
The Liberal International Order (LIO) is currently being undermined not only by states such as Russia but also by voters in the West. We argue that both veins of discontent are driven by resentment toward the LIO's status hierarchy, rather than simply by economic grievances. Approaching discontent historically and sociologically, we show that there are two strains of recognition struggles against the LIO: one in the core of the West, driven by populist politicians and their voters, and one on the semiperiphery, fueled by competitively authoritarian governments and their supporters. At this particular moment in history, these struggles are digitally, ideologically, and organizationally interconnected in their criticism of LIO institutions, amplifying each other. The LIO is thus being hollowed out from within at a time when it is also facing some of its greatest external challenges.
Journal Article
Built on Borders: Tensions with the Institution Liberalism (Thought It) Left Behind
The Liberal International Order is in crisis. While the symptoms are clear to many, the deep roots of this crisis remain obscured. We propose that the Liberal International Order is in tension with the older Sovereign Territorial Order, which is founded on territoriality and borders to create group identities, the territorial state, and the modern international system. The Liberal International Order, in contrast, privileges universality at the expense of groups and group rights. A recognition of this fundamental tension makes it possible to see that some crises that were thought to be unconnected have a common cause: the neglect of the coordinating power of borders. We sketch out new research agendas to show how this tension manifests itself in a broad range of phenomena of interest.
Journal Article