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"Life Plans"
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Variations of the Traditional Life Care Plan
A staple in assessing and valuing injury and related monetary damages claims, life care plans have traditionally encapsulated damages computations associated with present and anticipated future rehabilitation interventions related to contested events, the most common involving personal injury, medical malpractice, and product liability. The needs and sophistication of the injury claims assessment process have continued to evolve since the inception of life care plans and accordingly affect the services life care planners contribute to resolve disputes over the need for and value of litigated future rehabilitation interventions. After a brief history and overview of life care planning, this article describes how the discipline evolved to its current state. The authors then discuss how lawyers' discernments in prosecuting cases have led to the need for three variations/derivatives of the traditional life care plan: the life care plan cost comparison, the interpolated life care plan, and the international life care plan. Standards of practice considerations follow. According to the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC), life care planning is a career pathway for certified rehabilitation counselors (CRCs). Rehabilitation counselors encounter a myriad of physical and psychosocial factors that affect the rehabilitation process. CRC certification and training prepares counselors to holistically address complex areas of rehabilitation following a catastrophic illness or injury. According to the CRCC Code of Ethics, CRCs have a responsibility to the public to engage in practices that are based on accepted research methodologies and evidence-based practices. They need to remain current with developments in evidence-based practice. Notably, the three variations/derivatives of the traditional life care plan presented in this article address pertinent standards of practice considerations.
Journal Article
Aged Reduction Prediction of the Road Plan Due to Overload On the Pancer Road, Pesanggaran District, Banyuwangi
Jalan Pancer is grade 3 roads with the heaviest axle loads of 8 tons, the age of the road plan is 5 years. But Jalan Pancer has been passed by heavy vehicles with the heaviest axle loads of more than 8 tons which caused premature damage to the road. Therefore this study aims to determine the predicted reduction in the life of the road plan caused by overloading from the vehicles. The research method used is to conduct a traffic survey to get Average Daily Traffic value and identify the heavy vehicles. The data obtained were analyzed to obtain the value of Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) for each type of vehicle and the value of Cummulative Equivalent Standard Axle-CESA for the life of the road plan. The comparison results among VDF value of the survey and VDF value of the plan conclude that road damage factor greate. Because of the overload conditions the age of the plan is only 1 year 9.7 months, there is a decrease in the life of the road by 3 years 2.3 months in the second year, so it can be concluded that Jalan Pancer suffered early damage before the planned age (5 years).
Journal Article
A new approach to conservation: using community empowerment for sustainable well-being
The global environmental conservation community recognizes that the participation of local communities is essential for the success of conservation initiatives; however, much work remains to be done on how to integrate conservation and human well-being. We propose that an assets-based approach to environmental conservation and human well-being, which is grounded in a biocultural framework, can support sustainable and adaptive management of natural resources by communities in regions adjacent to protected areas. We present evidence from conservation and quality of life initiatives led by the Field Museum of Natural History over the past 17 years in the Peruvian Amazon. Data were derived from asset mapping in 37 communities where rapid inventories were conducted and from 38 communities that participated in longer term quality of life planning. Our main findings are that Amazonian communities have many characteristics, or assets, that recent scholarship has linked to environmental sustainability and good natural resource stewardship, and that quality of life plans that are based on these assets tend to produce priorities that are more consistent with environmental conservation. Importantly, we found that validating social and ecological assets through our approach can contribute to the creation of protected areas and to their long-term management. As strategies to engage local communities in conservation expand, research on how particular methodologies, such as an assets-based approach, is needed to determine how these initiatives can best empower local communities, how they can be improved, and how they can most effectively be linked to broader conservation and development processes.
Journal Article
Life Plan Development in Young Adult Women: An Exploration Using Grounded Theory
Although research exists that explores career planning, romantic relationships, and decision making in women, it is not yet known how women understand and develop the goals that they hope to achieve throughout their lives. The current study aims to answer how women understand and go through the process of developing the life plans that they hope to pursue after college graduation. This research question was answered with Charmaz’s (2006) model of grounded theory by conducting 13 interviews with young adult women approaching college graduation, followed by one focus group which was used to validate emergent themes. It was found that life plan development is a longitudinal process that begins in childhood, but becomes more focused during college, with the help of mentors, tangible learning opportunities, and the growth that exists from experiencing hardship. These young adult women were able to identify important factors throughout the entire lifespan that had helped them hone in on their dreams, identifying positive and negative experiences they had had, particularly in regards to their gender development, which had helped motivate them to work towards their ultimate goals for their lives.
Journal Article
Time to Recognize and Support Emerging Adult Caregivers in Public Health
According to the 2020 iteration of \"Caregiving in the United States,\" an estimated 53 million, or one in five, adults are informal or family caregivers. These individuals have provided care for an adult or child with special needs in the past year. For emerging adults, aged 18 to 25 years, caregiving may represent a nonnormative life-course experience that presents challenges beyond expectation or preparation. Developmental^, emerging adults are beginning to form life plans, including career and educational trajectories, significant relationships, and choices related to childbearing. They may lack firsthand or have limited experience caring for someone with a serious or life-limiting illness. Unlike their non-caregiving peer counterparts, they often face the additional time constraints of needing to care for an ill household member while maintaining household functioning.4 Peers may have other priorities and may be ill-equipped to provide important dimensions of social support- emotional, logistical, informational, and companionship-critical to helping emerging adult caregivers function and cope. Thus, caregiving for emerging adulthood can be a confusing, taxing, and socially isolating experience that does not always resemble caregiving at other life stages. In this issue of AJPH, Grenard et al. (p. 1853) leveraged the largest population-based data source of US caregivers, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), to study emerging adult caregiving. The BRFSS data resource is an annual state-based nationwide survey of health behaviors and health outcomes. It has contained an optional module to assess caregiving experiences since 2009. The study used data from 2015 to 2017 to compare health risk behaviors and outcomes among three self-defined populations: recent (past 12 months) caregivers, expectant caregivers (those anticipating needing to be a caregiver within the next 2 years), and non-caregivers. Caregiver health outcomes included current alcohol use (both binge drinking and heavy drinking), current cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use, and previous month frequent mental distress (measured by the unhealthy days measure, cut at 14 days or more).
Journal Article
THE SPECTER OF MOTHERHOOD
Why are young women less likely than young men to persist in academic science and engineering? Drawing on 57 in-depth interviews with PhD students and postdoctoral scholars in the United States, we describe how, in academic science and engineering, motherhood is constructed in opposition to professional legitimacy, and as a subject of fear, repudiation, and public controversy. We call this the “specter of motherhood.” This specter disadvantages young women and amplifies anticipatory concerns about combining an academic career with motherhood. By specifying (1) the content of cultural discourses about motherhood in academic workplaces and (2) the processes by which these ideas circulate, produce disadvantage, and inform young, childless scientists and engineers’ career plans, our findings offer novel insight into mechanisms contributing to inequality in academic careers.
Journal Article
'It was always the plan': international study as 'learning to migrate'
International student mobility has mainly been theorised in terms of cultural capital accumulation and its prospective benefits on returning home following graduation. Yet, despite a growing body of work in this area, most research on post-study mobility fails to recognise that the social forces that generate international student mobility also contribute to lifetime mobility plans. Moreover, these forces produce at least four types of post-study destination, of which returning 'home' is only one option. Our findings challenge the idea that a circular trajectory is necessarily the 'desired' norm. In line with wider migration theory, we suggest that return may even be seen as failure. Instead we advance the idea that cultural and social capital acquired through international studies is cultivated for onward mobility and may be specifically channelled towards goals such as an international career. We contribute a geographically nuanced conceptual frame for understanding the relation between international student mobility and lifetime mobility aspirations. By building on studies that highlight the role of family and social networks in international student mobility, we illustrate how influential familial and social institutions – both in the place of origin and newly encountered abroad – underpin and complicate students' motivations, mobility aspirations and life planning pre- and post-study. We argue for a fluidity of life plans and conclude by discussing how geographies of origin matter within students' lifetime mobility plans.
Journal Article
Creative Destruction and the Autonomous Life
This paper examines the tension between creative destruction—an inherent feature of capitalist economies—and the ideal of autonomy. Creative destruction is vital for economic growth, but it undermines the conditions necessary for autonomy by disrupting individuals’ ability to plan their lives. This creates a dilemma: we must either abandon the ideal of autonomy or economic growth. The paper explores potential regulatory strategies to mitigate the impact of disruptive innovation on life plans, but argues these ultimately fail. It then proposes a novel conception of autonomy consistent with capitalist creative destruction. With artificial intelligence poised to initiate unparalleled creative destruction, understanding this dilemma and potential solutions is crucial from an ethical perspective. The paper contends its revised conception of autonomy offers a path forward amidst transformative technological change.
Journal Article
Planning for Future Care and the End of Life: A Qualitative Analysis of Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Couples
Two key components of end-of-life planning are (1) informal discussions about future care and other end-of-life preferences and (2) formal planning via living wills and other legal documents. We leverage previous work on the institutional aspects of marriage and on sexual-minority discrimination to theorize why and how heterosexual, gay, and lesbian married couples engage in informal and formal end-of-life planning. We analyze qualitative dyadic in-depth interviews with 45 midlife gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples (N = 90 spouses). Findings suggest that same-sex spouses devote considerable attention to informal planning conversations and formal end-of-life plans, while heterosexual spouses report minimal formal or informal planning. The primary reasons same-sex spouses give for making end-of-life preparations are related to the absence of legal protections and concerns about discrimination from families. These findings raise questions about future end-of-life planning for same- and different-sex couples given a rapidly shifting legal and social landscape.
Journal Article