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Prior inequality literature has mainly focused on the period trends of inequality. This paper advances this literature by adopting a cohort approach to examine the age and cohort patterns of wage inequality. Employing a trajectory-based analytic framework to analyze almost 50 years of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I found that the life course patterns of inequality among American men have shifted across cohorts on both aggregate level and microlevel. The cumulative wage advantage associated with higher educational attainment has become more important across cohorts. Wage volatility has increased from earlier to later cohorts and the trend varies by age. The increase in volatility occurred first among mid-career workers and then among early-career workers. Additional analysis suggests that these cohort shifts differ by educational and occupational groups. The findings highlight the value of a cohort and life course approach for studying the process of social stratification.

Do life course events stimulate migration during the transition to adulthood? We identify nine specific life events in the family, education, and employment domains and test whether they lead to migration in the short term, using fixed-effects models that remove the influence of all stable individual-level characteristics and controlling for age. Marital and school completion events have substantively large effects on migration compared with individual work transitions, although there are more of the latter over the young adult years. Furthermore, young adults who are white and from higher class backgrounds are more likely to migrate in response to life events, suggesting that migration may be a mechanism for the reproduction of status attainment. Overall, the results demonstrate a close relationship between life course events and migration and suggest a potential role for migration in explaining the effect of life course events on well-being and behavior.

Recent institutional and cultural changes have allowed individuals to gradually (but persistently) follow more complex, less uniform, and less predictable work and family patterns than the patterns often assumed to be the norm in Western settings. However, we identify important gaps in this literature: (i) a persistent focus on high-income countries in Western Europe and North America, (ii) an emphasis on narrowed periods of adulthood, and (iii) a disregard for coresidential histories when analyzing the family domain. In this paper, we aim to address these shortcomings in two ways. First, we identify lifetime employment and coresidential trajectories of individuals living currently in Santiago, Chile, born between 1944 and 1954—a cohort that faced several political, economic, and cultural changes across their lives. Second, we explore how gender and socioeconomic disadvantages are associated with individuals’ life trajectories. We conduct a multichannel sequence analysis of a comprehensive life history dataset and find that about a quarter of the sample (27.2%) follows a modal pattern of continuous formal full-time employment and coresidence with a partner and children. The remaining proportion of individuals follow more complex, unstable, and interrupted patterns, which vary in their levels of work attachment, work informality, solo parenthood, and intergenerational households. Our findings question the idea that socially advantaged individuals opt for more complex life courses and instead confirm the association between socially disadvantaged individuals, particularly women and those lower educated, and complex trajectories. Rather than deliberate individualistic choices, life course instability appears as an additional layer of social disadvantage.

This study examines how the intersecting consequences of race-ethnicity, gender, socioeconomics status (SES), and age influence health inequality. We draw on multiple-hierarchy stratification and life course perspectives to address two main research questions. First, does racial-ethnic stratification of health vary by gender and/or SES? More specifically, are the joint health consequences of racial-ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic stratification additive or multiplicative? Second, does this combined inequality in health decrease, remain stable, or increase between middle and late life? We use panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,976) to investigate between-and within-group differences in in self-rated health among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans. Findings indicate that the effects of racial-ethnic, gender, and SES stratification are interactive, resulting in the greatest racial-ethnic inequalities in health among women and those with higher levels of SES. Furthermore, racial-ethnic/gender/SES inequalities in health tend to decline with age. These results are broadly consistent with intersectionality and aging-as-leveler hypotheses.

Approximately 65 percent of US mothers with children aged six and under are employed. Although their ability to maintain employment generally depends on nonparental childcare, childcare has been relatively little-studied as it relates to mothers’ employment in the United States. With the NLSY97 (N = 2,108), I track childcare use, employment, second births, and coresidential partnership among women who are initially employed following a first birth. I use Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Modeling to identify the five most common pathways by which women combine and sequence these behaviors. I investigate the sociodemographic characteristics predicting each pathway. Three groups of women maintain high or moderate employment and make high use of childcare while their children are young: highly employed, partnered mothers who have a second birth (closely aligned with the privileged “having it all” norm); highly employed mothers of one child, about half of whom are single; and moderately employed (some full-time, some part-time) primarily single mothers who have a second birth. Two groups of women make less use of childcare when initially employed: partnered mothers who have a second birth and largely exit the labor force (closely aligned with the privileged “stay-at-home-mom” norm), and primarily single mothers with some part-time employment and one child. White and Hispanic women, and those with Bachelor’s degrees, are most likely to mirror the “having it all” norm. White women and those with Bachelor’s degrees are most likely to mirror the “stay-at-home mom” norm. I argue that improved access to adequate, affordable childcare could help to offset gender, socioeconomic, and race/ethnic employment disparities in the United States.

The physical environment is an important yet underexplored domain in Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD), shaping exposures and health‐related behaviors across the life course. We identified key gaps and priorities for incorporating physical environment measures into population‐based research, with an emphasis on geospatial data that can be applied in large cohorts and administrative datasets. The Gateway Exposome Coordinating Center (GECC) synthesized input from six town halls, a 4‐day expert workshop, and the literature to build consensus on priority physical environment exposures and a roadmap for advancing exposure data. We also identified four methodological imperatives: developing pathway‐relevant metrics, addressing temporality, incorporating behavior into exposure estimation, and integrating co‐occurring exposures. Advancing guidance and exposure metrics in these areas can support prevention‐oriented, policy‐relevant research and improve understanding of how physical environments influence brain health. Highlights This paper defines four priority physical environment exposures for Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) research: air pollution, greenspace, noise and soundscapes, and community amenities and urban form. Key methodological imperatives to improve integration of the physical environment in AD/ADRD research include pathway‐informed models and data, explicit consideration of temporality, incorporation of behavioral patterns, prioritizing multi‐exposure analyses. This roadmap was built through a broad consultatice process including six town halls and an international expert workshop.

Emotions are increasingly being recognised and integrated into human geography and it has been highlighted that focusing on the 'interrelatedness' of the research process is crucial. By contextualising fieldwork within the life course of the researcher, greater acknowledgement of the 'emotional labour' involved in fieldwork can be highlighted. The author reflects on the 'emotional geographies' of conducting PhD research into significant health issues with participants who had recently suffered a heart attack in Fife, Scotland. This paper reveals emotions involved in this kind of research, drawing on perspectives from participants as well as the researcher. The author also draws attention to, and reflects on, the lack of engagement with researcher's emotional labour within formal academic structures, such as research training and ethics application processes. Reflecting on fieldwork experiences from a distance, the author discusses the influence and impact of her emotional experiences of fieldwork. This paper contributes to work concerned with emotions and fieldwork in geography and asserts that greater importance and value needs to be given to this type of emotion work as embedded and situated within researchers' life courses.

INTRODUCTION Life course models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that both long‐term exposure to neighborhood conditions and changes in neighborhood context may shape dementia risk. This study examined the impact of mid‐ and late‐life levels of neighborhood segregation, as well as longitudinal change in segregation, on plasma AD biomarkers. METHODS Participants were 119 racially/ethnically diverse (60% Black/Latino) adults. Residential addresses were geocoded to temporally harmonized US Census tracts, and the dissimilarity index quantified segregation. Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and amyloid beta (Aβ) 42/40 were measured. RESULTS Generalized estimating equations adjusting for individual‐level sociodemographic and health characteristics revealed mid‐life, but not late‐life, levels of segregation were significantly associated with NfL. Increasing segregation across 10‐ and 20‐year periods was associated with higher levels of GFAP and NfL, respectively. DISCUSSION Mid‐life levels of segregation and longitudinal change in segregation were linked to plasma markers of neurodegeneration and astroglial activation. Highlights Life course AD research must assess both neighborhood conditions and change. Twenty‐year increases in residential segregation were linked to plasma NfL. Ten‐year increases in residential segregation were linked to plasma GFAP. Mid‐life, but not late‐life, levels of segregation were linked to plasma NfL. No association between segregation and Aβ42/40 was observed. Neighborhood change is a distinct exposure relevant to plasma markers of AD.

Blacks are especially hard hit by cognitive impairment at older ages compared to whites. Here, we take advantage of the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2010) to assess how this racial divide in cognitive impairment is associated with the racial stratification of life course exposures and resources over a 12-year period among 8,946 non-Hispanic whites and blacks ages 65 and older in 1998. We find that blacks suffer from a higher risk of moderate/severe cognitive impairment at baseline and during the follow-up. Blacks are also more likely to report childhood adversity and to have grown up in the segregated South, and these early-life adversities put blacks at a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment. Adulthood socioeconomic status is strongly associated with the risk of cognitive impairment, net of childhood conditions. However, racial disparities in cognitive impairment, though substantially reduced, are not eliminated when controlling for these life course factors.