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When lightning strikes
\"Lightning can strike in the same place twice. It's for this reason that readers need to learn how to avoid being in dangerous places during a storm with lightning! While a spectacular weather phenomenon to witness, lightning can cause destruction and even death. Readers learn what causes lightning and other science content regarding the occurrence of lightning, including its connection to rain and thunder.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Lightning and thunder
\"A book for young readers about lightning and thunder\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Striking Distance Characteristics of Lightning Flashes Striking at and Below the Top of the Canton Tower
A total of 19 lightning flashes observed by high‐speed video cameras were selected for analyzing the two‐dimensional striking distance (SD) before the first return stroke of downward negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes striking at the Canton Tower (CT) (600 m high). Among them, 13 lightning flashes directly struck at the top of the CT, and six lightning flashes struck at positions 8–146 m below the top of the CT. It was found that the higher the lightning strike position at the CT, the longer the SD, and the closer it is to the top of the tower, the faster the SD increases. On average, the first return stroke peak current for the lightning striking at the top of the CT was 86 kA, while the average value for side‐strike lightning was less than 33 kA, with only about 38% of the former. Plain Language Summary When lightning bypasses the lightning rod at the top of a building and strikes at the side of the protected object, it forms a so‐called side‐strike lightning. Due to side‐strike lightning, installing lightning rods on the top of high buildings still cannot achieve 100% lightning interception efficiency. The side‐strike lightning may cause electrical current to pass through the building's metal doors, windows, or electrical circuits and enter the interior, posing a threat to internal personnel and electronic and electrical equipment. At present, there is little research on side‐strike lightning and even less research on the characteristics of the striking distance (SD) of side‐strike lightning, mainly because the probability of side‐strike lightning occurring is low. In this study, we analyzed the SD characteristics of Canton Tower and studied the impact of side‐strike lightning that strikes at different heights of buildings on the SD, providing a reference for lightning protection of high buildings. Key Points The side‐strike lightning flashes account for approximately 21% (19/91) of downward negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes to Canton Tower The higher the lightning strike position on the tall object, the longer the lightning striking distance The peak current of the first return stroke of lightning striking at the tower's top is significantly greater than that of side‐strike lightning
Journal Article
Thunder and lightning
\"In Thunder and lightning, children learn about different types of lightning, what thunder and lightning are, what causes lightning, and how to stay safe when thunderstorms occur.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
How Much Lightning Actually Strikes the United States?
The number of cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes over the contiguous United States (CONUS) has been estimated to be from as small as 25 million per year to as many as 40 million. In addition, many CG flashes contact the ground in more than one place. To clarify these values, recent data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) have been examined since the network is performing well enough to make precise updates to the number of CG flashes and their associated ground contact points. The average number of CG flashes is calculated to be about 23.4 million per year over the CONUS, and the average number of ground contact points is calculated as 36.8 million per year. Knowledge of these two parameters is critical to lightning protection standards, as well as better understanding of the effects of lightning on forest fire initiation, geophysical interactions, human safety, and applications that benefit from knowing that a single flash may transfer charge to the ground in multiple, widely spaced locations. Sensitivity tests to assess the effects of misclassification of CG and in-cloud (IC) lightning are also made to place bounds on these estimates, and the likely uncertainty is a few percent.
Journal Article
The Urban Lightning Effect Revealed With Geostationary Lightning Mapper Observations
Within the Charlotte, North Carolina, to Atlanta, Georgia, megaregion (Charlanta), the Atlanta metropolitan area has been shown to augment proximal cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning occurrence. Although numerous studies have documented this “urban lightning effect” (ULE) with regard to CG lightning, relatively few have investigated urban effects on distributions of total lightning (TL). Moreover, there has yet to be a study of the ULE using TL observations from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM). In an effort to fill this gap, we investigated spatial distributions of TL around the cities of Atlanta, GA, Greenville, SC, and Charlotte, NC, using GLM data collected during the warm seasons of 2018–2021. Analyses reveal augmentation of TL intensity and frequency over the major cities of Atlanta and Charlotte, with a diminished urban signal over the smaller city of Greenville. This work also demonstrated the potential efficacy of the emerging satellite‐based TL climatology in ULE studies. Plain Language Summary Studies using ground‐based lightning detection networks have revealed an “urban lightning effect” (ULE) around major cities. In 2016, the U.S. launched a weather satellite with a unique lightning mapping instrument. This study, possibly for the first time, demonstrated the ability to utilize space‐based observation of total lightning to detect the ULE within the Charlotte, North Carolina, to Atlanta, Georgia, urban corridor. The study also paves the way for future ULE analyses as the satellite lightning data record lengthens. Key Points The urban lightning effect (ULE) is detectable in Geostationary Lightning Mapper total lightning observations The ULE is most discernible in the larger metropolitan areas of the Charlotte, NC, to Atlanta, GA, urban corridor The emerging Geostationary Lightning Mapper data set enables a new generation of urban lightning studies as the record lengthens
Journal Article