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TIME-UNIFORM, NONPARAMETRIC, NONASYMPTOTIC CONFIDENCE SEQUENCES
A confidence sequence is a sequence of confidence intervals that is uniformly valid over an unbounded time horizon. Our work develops confidence sequences whose widths go to zero, with nonasymptotic coverage guarantees under nonparametric conditions. We draw connections between the Cramér–Chernoff method for exponential concentration, the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) and the sequential probability ratio test—our confidence sequences are time-uniform extensions of the first; provide tight, nonasymptotic characterizations of the second; and generalize the third to nonparametric settings, including sub-Gaussian and Bernstein conditions, self-normalized processes and matrix martingales. We illustrate the generality of our proof techniques by deriving an empirical-Bernstein bound growing at a LIL rate, as well as a novel upper LIL for the maximum eigenvalue of a sum of random matrices. Finally, we apply our methods to covariance matrix estimation and to estimation of sample average treatment effect under the Neyman–Rubin potential outcomes model.
Journal Article
Large-Area Nanostructure Fabrication with a 75 nm Half-Pitch Using Deep-UV Flat-Top Laser Interference Lithography
Micro- and nanopatterning is crucial for advanced photonic, electronic, and sensing devices. Yet achieving large-area periodic nanostructures with a 75 nm half-pitch on low-cost laboratory systems remains difficult, because conventional near-ultraviolet laser interference lithography (LIL) suffers from Gaussian-beam non-uniformity and a narrow exposure latitude. Here, we report a cost-effective deep-ultraviolet (DUV) dual-beam LIL system based on a 266 nm laser and diffractive flat-top beam shaping, enabling large-area patterning of periodical nanostructures. At this wavelength, a moderate half-angle can be chosen to preserve a large beam-overlap region while still delivering 150 nm period (75 nm half-pitch) structures. By independently tuning the incident angle and beam uniformity, we pattern one-dimensional (1D) gratings and two-dimensional (2D) arrays over a Ø 1.0 cm field with critical-dimension variation < 5 nm (1σ), smooth edges, and near-vertical sidewalls. As a proof of concept, we transfer a 2D pattern into Si to create non-metal-coated nanodot arrays that serve as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. The arrays deliver an average enhancement factor of ~1.12 × 104 with 11% intensity relative standard deviation (RSD) over 65 sampling points, a performance near the upper limit of all-dielectric SERS substrates. The proposed method overcomes the uneven hotspot distribution and complex fabrication procedures in conventional SERS substrates, enabling reliable and large-area chemical sensing. Compared to electron-beam lithography, the flat-top DUV-LIL approach offers orders-of-magnitude higher throughput at a fraction of the cost, while its centimeter-scale uniformity can be scaled to full wafers with larger beam-shaping optics. These attributes position the method as a versatile and economical route to large-area photonic metasurfaces and sensing devices.
Journal Article
March meeting papers
\"March Meeting Papers is a series of essays selected from Sharjah Art Foundation’s March Meeting 2021 Open Call, inviting artists, writers and thinkers to expand on curator Okwui Enwezor’s influential thinking about the Biennial as a platform to engage with history, politics and society.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The Role of Nahdlatul Ulama’ (NU) Diplomacy in Promoting Islam Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin Exegesis to Strengthen Indonesian State-Religion Concepts: A Study of Gus Dur's Thought
This research aims to examine the role of Nahdlatul Ulama’s (NU) diplomacy in spreading the values of Islam Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin to strengthen the conceptions of state and religion in Indonesia. This study is beneficial in understanding the fundamental religious organization (NU) that can contribute to interfaith and international dialogue and cooperation, support social harmony, and reinforce an inclusive and tolerant national foundation in Indonesia. Therefore, the current study deployed a qualitative research methodology. The analysis was conducted using data collected through a literature review, in-depth interviews with leaders and members of NU, and a content analysis of videos and netizen comments on the NU Online YouTube channel regarding discussions by Gus Dur about the formation of an Islamic state. This study also explores the genealogy of NU, the state and religious conceptions advocated by NU, and the biography and views of Gus Dur on the topic. The findings indicate that NU, through Gus Dur's thinking and an inclusive diplomatic approach, has actively promoted an interpretation of Islam oriented towards universal values such as justice, peace, and tolerance. NU reflects this by actively promoting Islam Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin as the foundation for a stronger, pluralistic, and democratic state. The study also examined the polemics of state and religious conceptions that trigger public discussions and explores the NU differences through cross-faith dialogue and understanding.
Journal Article
Cultivating Empathy and Environmental Stewardship: Harnessing the Partnerships of Parents, Teachers and Communities for Sustainable Moral Development and Social Cohesion
Objective: This study aims to delve into how integrating the Islamic principle of Rahmatan Lil Alamin with the concept of empathy development can, through the collective efforts of parents, teachers, and communities, nurture empathy and environmental stewardship. This synergy aims at fostering sustainable moral development and social cohesion. Theoretical framework: Grounded in the Islamic principle of Rahmatan Lil Alamin, which advocates for mercy, love, and benevolence towards all creation, including our planet, this study intertwines this principle with the concept of empathy development. This emphasizes compassion and understanding between people and towards the environment. Drawing on theories of moral development, social cohesion, and environmental education, this framework seeks to explore the interconnectedness of these concepts within the study. Method: Employing a systematic literature review, this paper aims to establish a theoretical base and identify gaps within existing research on this subject. Results and conclusion: Anticipated findings suggest that the integration of Rahmatan Lil Alamin and empathy development into environmental management and education could highlight the crucial role of collaborative partnerships among parents, teachers, and communities. This collaboration is expected to foster a culture of environmental stewardship. The study's conclusion is poised to showcase how such an integrated approach can contribute to nurturing a culture that values stewardship of the environment. Implications of the research: The study has significant implications for environmental management, education, and social policy. Demonstrating the integration of Rahmatan Lil Alamin with empathy development could lead to more inclusive educational approaches to environmental stewardship, benefiting educators and practitioners alike. Originality/value: The distinctiveness of this study lies in its interdisciplinary approach, linking Islamic principles and empathy with environmental education and management. By showcasing how integration can lead to sustainable moral development and meet sustainability goals, the paper offers valuable insights for educational practitioners and policymakers worldwide.
Journal Article