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This work details innovative developments in the pragmatics and lexicogrammar of speakers using English as a lingua franca. The book has a clear focus on empiral data and studying ELF communication, both discourse and lexicogrammar.

This special issue presents the current state of second language pragmatics research and instruction situated in the broader scope of globalization. Seven empirical articles included in this issue represent 3 strands of research: (a) pragmatics in lingua franca communication, (b) multilingual and multidialectal pragmatics, and (c) technology-mediated pragmatics learning and teaching. These articles collectively address how new contexts in today's globalized world have engendered new ways of conceptualizing and teaching pragmatics.

We study the effects of linguistic distance and lingua franca proficiency on the equity stake taken by acquirers from 67 countries in 59,092 acquisition targets in 69 host countries. We theorize and find that acquirers take lower equity stakes in foreign targets when linguistic distance and differences in lingua franca proficiency between them are high, and take higher stakes when the combined lingua franca proficiency of the parties is high. We also find that linguistic and cultural distance reduce the impact of the combined lingua franca proficiency of the parties on the level of equity taken, which shows that the effective use of a lingua franca is affected by the native tongues and cultures of the parties. Our results clearly demonstrate that governance research and international business studies can benefit from incorporating language into their explanatory models.

The use of English as a global lingua franca has given rise to new challenges and approaches in our understanding of language and communication. One area where ELF (English as a lingua franca) studies, both from an empirical and theoretical orientation, have the potential for significant developments is in our understanding of the relationships between language, culture and identity. ELF challenges traditional assumptions concerning the purposed 'inexorable' link between a language and a culture. Due to the multitude of users and contexts of ELF communication the supposed language, culture and identity correlation, often conceived at the national level, appears simplistic and naïve. However, it is equally naïve to assume that ELF is a culturally and identity neutral form of communication. All communication involves participants, purposes, contexts and histories, none of which are 'neutral'. Thus, we need new approaches to understanding the relationship between language, culture and identity which are able to account for the multifarious and dynamic nature of ELF communication.

The Routledge Handbook of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) provides an accessible, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the main theories, concepts, contexts and applications of this rapidly developing field of study. Including 47 state-of-the-art chapters from leading international scholars, the handbook covers key concepts, regional spread, linguistic features and communication processes, domains and functions, ELF in academia, ELF and pedagogy and future trends. This handbook is key reading for all those engaged in the study and research of English as a lingua franca and world/global Englishes within English language, applied linguistics and education. Contributors: Michaela Albl-Mikasa, Nuha Alharbi, Ishamina Athirah Gardiner, Mariko Baird, Robert Baird, Will Baker, Yasemin Bayyurt, Beyza Björkman, Luciana Cabrini Simões Calvo, Suresh Canagarajah, Alessia Cogo, James F. D’Angelo, David Deterding, Martin Dewey, Susanne Ehrenreich, Michele Salles El Kadri, Rinelle Evans, Nicola Galloway, Telma Gimenez, Maria Grazia Guido, Christopher Hall, Luke Harding, Bruce Horner, Juliane House, Julia Hüttner, Niina Hynninen, Masakazu Iino, Jennifer Jenkins, Christopher Jenks, Anne Kankaanranta, Daisuke Kimura, Andy Kirkpatrick, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Constant Leung, Jo Lewkowicz, Haibo Liu, Enric Llurda, Leena Louhiala-Salminen, Tim McNamara, Anna Mauranen, Sonia Morán Panero, Kumiko Murata, Ruth Osimk-Teasdale, Laura Patsko, Kaisa S. Pietikäinen, Marie-Luise Pitzl, Patricia Pullin, Elina Ranta, Chittima Sangiamchit, Barbara Seidlhofer, Elana Shohamy, Nicos Sifakis, Ute Smit, Anna Solin, Ayako Suzuki, Christa van der Walt, Ying Wang, Henry Widdowson, Ursula Wingate, Sue Wright, Melissa H. Yu and Lin Zheng. The Routledge Handbook of English as a Lingua Franca

The dominance of English in scientific papers and the use of English in locally funded research may hinder local comprehension and raise concerns about transitioning from vernacular languages to a universal language in scholarly journals. Additionally, the impact of publication language on journal sustainability is an intriguing area requiring further investigation. This study investigated how the publication languages of 42 Turkish psychiatric journals published between 2010-2023 impact journal sustainability. It examined the effect of publication languages and language changes on sustainability by analyzing information from the DergiPark platform, TR Index, and journal websites. Among the analyzed journals, 8 have ceased publication, while 34 continue. The terminated journals include 3 with Turkish articles, 2 with English articles, and 3 with both Turkish and English articles. Among the 34 ongoing journals in 2023, 3 only accepts Turkish publications, 8 only accept English publications, 22 accept both Turkish and English publications, and 1 accepts both Turkish and English versions of each article. The Turkish-only journal is not indexed by any major indexes. Of the eight English-only journals, one is SCI-Expanded and TR Index, three are indexed by TR Index and DOAJ, three are indexed by TR Index and one is not indexed by any major index. Among the 22 journals publishing in both languages, one is indexed by all the major indexes, four by TR Index and DOAJ, two by DOAJ and six by TR Index only, nine are not indexed by any major index. The use of the local language in journal publications may adversely affect the journal's sustainability, but it is not solely determined by indexing and citation in major index. Furthermore, publishing in English does not guarantee citations from international journals or ensure the long-term viability of the journal. Bilimsel makalelerde İngilizcenin baskın olması ve yerel olarak finanse edilen araştırmalarda İngilizcenin kullanılması, anlamayı engelleyebilmekte ve bilimsel dergilerde yerel dillerden evrensel dile geçişle ilgili endişeleri artırabilmektedir. Ayrıca, yayın dilinin dergi sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki etkisi de daha fazla araştırma gerektiren ilgi çekici bir alandır. Bu ilgiden ötürü bu çalışmada, 2010-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan 42 Türk psikiyatri dergisinin yayın dillerinin dergi sürdürülebilirliğini nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. DergiPark platformu, TR Dizin ve dergi web sitelerinden elde edilen bilgiler analiz edilerek yayın dilleri ve dil değişikliklerinin sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. İncelenen dergilerden 8'i yayın hayatına son vermiş, 34'ü ise yayın hayatına devam etmektedir. Yayın hayatı sonlandırılan dergilerin 3'ünde Türkçe makaleler, 2'sinde İngilizce makaleler, 3'ünde ise hem Türkçe hem de İngilizce makaleler yer almaktadır. 2023 yılında yayın hayatına devam eden 34 dergiden 3'ü sadece Türkçe yayınları, 8'i sadece İngilizce yayınları, 22'si hem Türkçe hem İngilizce yayınları, 1'i ise her makalenin hem Türkçe hem de İngilizce versiyonunu kabul etmektedir. Yalnızca Türkçe yayın kabul eden dergi herhangi bir indeks tarafından taranmamaktadır. Sadece İngilizce yayın yapan 8 dergiden biri SCI-Expanded ve TR Dizin, 3’ü TR Dizin ve DOAJ, 3’ü TR Dizin tarafından taranmakta, 1’i ise herhangi bir ana dizin tarafından taranmamaktadır. Her iki dilde yayın yapan 22 dergiden biri tüm ana indeksler tarafından, dördü TR Dizin ve DOAJ tarafından, ikisi DOAJ ve altısı sadece TR Dizin tarafından taranmakta, dokuzu ise hiçbir ana indeks tarafından taranmamaktadır. Dergi yayınlarında yerel dilin kullanılması derginin sürdürülebilirliğini olumsuz etkileyebilmekte, ancak bu durum ana indekslerde taranma ve atıf alma ile belirlenmemektedir. Ayrıca, İngilizce yayın yapmak uluslararası dergilerden atıf almayı garanti etmemekte ve derginin uzun vadede sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamamaktadır.

Malay was once the lingua franca for the Malay Archipelago region, i.e. the Nusantara sphere and beyond. The Malay had been used widely by traders and seamen as the language of trade and commerce. It illustrates the richness of Malay in its nautical and maritime words throughout the pre-modern era, which indirectly led to the positioning of Malaysia as a maritime nation at that point in time. This paper explores Malay words through investigative evidence of words used in the Malay world's seas, where historically, the peninsula was the focus of trade and commerce for the Nusantara region. An investigation to seek evidence of nautical words was conducted on the Malay glossaries in two historical writings. The primary source of analysis was the Shellabear English Malay Dictionary (1916), with the Malacca Maritime Code of the Malays (Stamford Raffles, 1879) as another source of analysis to supplement the findings on Malay as the maritime language. The dictionary is composed of 614 pages with 7000 Malay words and phrases that had equivalence to English nautical words and an appendix of household, nautical and medical terms, among others. A manual calculation shows that Shellabear had 109 'nautical terms' entries in this English–Malay translated dictionary. The maritime nature of the Malay world in both texts reflects many terms related to seafaring, fishing, trade, and navigation, with a prevalence of different types of boats, fishing equipment, and navigation techniques.

The study investigates business professionals of different language backgrounds using English as a business lingua franca (BELF) in formal internal meetings. In particular, it examines how these participants deploy 'explaining' as a pragmatic strategy to increase communicative effectiveness. The data comprise 6 internal business meetings, totaling 293 minutes of video recordings. A discourse analysis of the meeting data reveals that the participants move to explain even in the absence of a request for an explanation or following an implicit request for further information. The strategy of explaining allows the speaker to provide additional information or background details that contribute to increasing communicative clarity and enhancing shared knowledge. The findings offer insights into the pragmatic competence of BELF users that is crucial in the accomplishment of communicative goals in the business setting. The findings also have pedagogical implications in that they point to the relevance of incorporating the teaching of pragmatic strategies such as explaining in business communication courses to address the needs of future business practitioners in a globalized world.

The lingua franca role of English, coupled with its status as the official language of ASEAN, has important implications for language policy and language education. These include the relationship between English, the respective national languages of ASEAN and thousands of local languages. How can the demand for English be balanced against the need for people to acquire their national language and mother tongue? While many will also need a regional lingua franca, they are learning English as the first foreign language from primary school in all ASEAN countries. Might not this early introduction of English threaten local languages and children’s ability to learn? Or can English be introduced and taught in such a way that it can complement local languages rather than replace them? The aim of this book is to explore questions such as these and then make recommendations on language policy and language education for regional policymakers. The book will be important for regional policymakers and language education professionals. It should also benefit language teachers, especially, but by no means exclusively, English language teachers. The book will be of interest to all who are interested in the development of English as an international language and the possible implications of this upon local languages and cultures.

The present study foregrounds background information on attitudes towards acceptance of English language and educational opportunities in non-English speaking nations from a historical and contemporary viewpoint. The relevance of ELF-informed perspectives in non-ELF-speaking contexts is then discussed, both from an educational and a business/professional standpoint. Using English as a common language globally presents an unprecedented challenge for stakeholders in the 21st century. The paper focuses on the divergent policies related to English language. It investigates several countries' status, their practitioners, and people's viewpoints regarding the widespread use of the English language and the diversity of societies and cultures. The objective is to investigate how accessible non-native speakers are to newer speakers and alternatives that might work for their working atmosphere to provide some recommendations for them. The purpose is to determine if they are willing to use more modern pedagogical approaches appropriate for their teaching environment and to make recommendations for non-native people's development programmes. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in studying English as a lingua franca (ELF), which has produced some fascinating findings regarding how non-native speakers of English interact with other non-native speakers.