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The Problematic Public
Almost one hundred years have passed since Walter Lippmann and
John Dewey published their famous reflections on the \"problems of
the public,\" but their thoughts remain surprisingly relevant as
resources for thinking through our current crisis-plagued
predicament. This book takes stock of the reception history of
Lippmann's and Dewey's ideas about publics, communication, and
political decision-making and shows how their ideas can inspire a
way forward.
Lippmann and Dewey were only two of many twentieth-century
thinkers trying to imagine how a modern industrial democracy might
(or might not) come to pass, but despite that, the \"Lippmann/Dewey
debate\" became a symbol of the two alleged options: an epistocracy,
on the one hand, and grassroots participation, on the other. In
this book, distinguished scholars from rhetoric, communication,
sociology, and media and journalism studies reconsider this debate
in order to assess its contemporary relevance for our time, which,
in some respects, bears a striking resemblance to the 1920s. In
this way, the book explains how and why Lippmann and Dewey are
indispensable resources for anyone concerned with the future of
democratic deliberation and decision-making.
In addition to the editor, the contributors to this volume
include Nathan Crick, Robert Danisch, Steve Fuller, William Keith,
Bruno Latour, John Durham Peters, Patricia Roberts-Miller, Michael
Schudson, Anna Shechtman, Slavko Splichal, Lisa S. Villadsen, and
Scott Welsh.
eBook
The Issues Deserve More Credit: Pragmatist Contributions to the Study of Public Involvement in Controversy
This paper explores the 'issue-oriented' perspective on public involvement in politics opened up by recent research in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This research proposes that public controversy around techno-scientific issues is dedicated to the articulation of these issues and their eventual accommodation in society. It does not, however, fully answer the question of why issue formation should be appreciated as a crucial dimension of democratic politics. To address this question, I turn to the work of two early 20th-century American pragmatists: John Dewey and Walter Lippmann. In their work on democracy in industrial society, they conceived of public involvement in politics as being occasioned by, and providing a way to settle, controversies that existing institutions were unable to resolve. Moreover, Dewey developed a 'socio-ontological' understanding of issues, which suggests that people's involvement in politics is mediated by problems that affect them. Dewey and Lippmann thus provide important argumentative resources for further elaborating the approach to public involvement developed in STS. STS research has also developed a 'socio-ontological' approach, as it focuses on the 'attachments' that people mobilize (and that mobilize people) in the performance of their concern with public affairs. Such an approach provides an alternative to discursivist analysis of the role of 'issue framing' in the involvement of publics in politics.
Journal Article
Coining Neoliberalism: Interwar Germany and the Neglected Origins of a Pejorative Moniker
Widespread use of the term \"neoliberalism\" is of surprisingly recent origin, dating to only the late 20th century. The \"neoliberalism\" literature has nonetheless settled on an origin story that depicts the term as a self-selected moniker from the 1938 Walter Lippmann Colloquium. This paper challenges the 1938 origin, positing an earlier adoption of the term by Marxist and fascist political writers in 1920s German-language texts. These writers used \"neo/neu-liberalismus\" as a derisive moniker for the \"Marginal Utility School,\" then anchored at the University of Vienna. Definitional commonalities link this earlier use to pejorative deployment of the term in the present. JEL Codes: B13, B2, B53 Keywords: Neoliberalism, Mont Pelerin Society, Mises, Foucault, Walter Lippmann Colloquium
Journal Article
Liberals and nationalism: E. H. Carr, Walter Lippmann and the Baltic States from 1918 to 1944
The Baltic states were among the 'new' states that were created after the First World War; they were the only states to lose their sovereignty during the Second World War. Most historians explain the birth and demise of the Baltic states in terms of their relative strength vis-à-vis the great powers. This article places the short-lived independence of the Baltic states into the perspective of intellectual history by focusing on two Western thinkers: E. H. Carr and Walter Lippmann. The analysis assumes that ideas matter in international politics. It adds to our understanding of the forces that led to the creation and later to the extinction of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the period of the two world wars.
Journal Article
After Post‐Truth: Revisiting the Lippmann–Dewey Debate
The debate on post‐truth has sought to restore what it held to be the proper relationship between knowledge, truth, and political judgment. This made for an intuitively plausible response to the experience of democracy itself being increasingly contested. However, with the re‐election of Donald Trump as US president and a broad array of instances of democratic backsliding in Europe and beyond, such a restorative framing may have exhausted itself. Therefore, we suggest revisiting the Lippmann–Dewey debate as a starting point for an alternative way of theorizing the contemporary crisis of democracy and knowledge production. The article outlines the potential of revisiting the Lippmann–Dewey debate to this end in three steps. First, we read the Lippmann–Dewey debate as a classical instance of the contestation of the concept of (liberal) democracy. Second, we discuss the relevance of two fundamentally different perspectives on the politics of knowledge: expertise and education. Third, we introduce two empirical sites to further illustrate such reflexive contestedness: the contestation of economic knowledge during European austerity politics and the role of Scientists for Future in environmental protests. A brief conclusion reflects on how one could think of the paradigmatic positions of Dewey and Lippmann not as mutually exclusive but complementary ways to problematize democracy in crisis.
Journal Article
Heterogeneous Diffusion of Government Microblogs and Public Agenda Networks during Public Policy Communication in China
During public policy information diffusion, policy interpretation on government microblogs and public attention interact, but there are certain differences. We construct a research framework for the heterogeneous diffusion of public policy information on government microblogs. An empirical study is conducted based on the Network Agenda Setting (NAS) model. First, a combination of topic mining and content analysis is used to identify the issues discussed by government microblogs and citizens. Then, we use the importance of nodes in Degree Structure (DS) and Flow Structure (FS) entropy to measure their attention to different issues. Finally, the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) correlation and regression analysis explore the degree of heterogeneity and causal relationship between government microblog agenda networks (GMANs) and public agenda networks (PANs). We find that GMANs influence PANs and the degree of heterogeneity between them is relatively low at the beginning of policy implementation. However, as government microblogs reveal positive effects of policy implementation, they fail to influence PANs effectively, and there is a greater degree of heterogeneity between them. Moreover, PANs do not significantly affect GMANs. The dynamic leading relationship between GMANs and PANs in public policy diffusion is clarified, helping to shape the image of digital government in public opinion.
Journal Article
Bringing the Person Back In: Boundaries, Perceptions, and the Measurement of Racial Context
Place is sometimes vague or undefined in studies of context, and scholars use a range of Census units to measure “context.” In this article, we borrow from Parsons and Shils to offer a conceptualization of context. This conceptualization, and a recognition of both Lippmann’s pseudoenvironments and the statistical Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, lead us to a new measurement strategy. We propose a map-based measure to capture how ordinary people use information about their environments to make decisions about politics. Respondents draw their contexts on maps—deciding the boundaries of their relevant environments—and describe their perceptions of the demographic make-up of these contexts. The evidence is clear: “pictures in our heads” do not resemble governmental administrative units in shape or content. By “bringing the person back in” to the measurement of context, we are able to marry psychological theories of information processing with sociological theories of racial threat.
Journal Article
Digital Pseudo-Identification in the Post-Truth Era: Exploring Logical Fallacies in the Mainstream Media Coverage of the COVID-19 Vaccines
Because of China’s new wave of COVID-19 in May 2023, the issue of tackling COVID-19 misinformation remains relevant. Based on Lippmann’s theory of public opinion and agenda setting theory, this article aims to examine the concept of digital pseudo-identification as a type of logical fallacy that refers to supporting journalists’ opinions with ‘false’ arguments that lack factual evidence. To do so, the study applied computer-aided content analysis, as well as rhetorical and critical discourse analyses, to examine 400 articles related to four COVID-19 vaccines (‘Oxford-AstraZeneca’, ‘Pfizer-BioNTech’, ‘Sputnik V’ and ‘Sinovac’) published on the online versions of two major British and American mainstream media sources between August 2020 and December 2021. The results of the study show that journalists of the ‘The New York Times’ and ‘The Guardian’ used similar logical fallacies, including the opinions of pseudo-authorities and references to pseudo-statistics and stereotypes, which contributed to creating distorted representations of the COVID-19 vaccines and propagating online misinformation. The study also reveals political bias in both of the mainstream media sources, with relatively more positive coverage of the European vaccines than non-European vaccines. The findings have important implications for journalism and open up perspectives for further research on the concept of digital pseudo-identification in the humanities and social sciences.
Journal Article
THE AMBIGUITY OF EXPERTISE IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE
When the modern administrative state emerged in America during the Progressive Era, at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was typically grounded on the premise that administrative officials are experts who should be insulated from politics. This theory, combined with emerging ideas of scientific management, contributed to the intellectual justification for the administrative state. However, progressives never fully reconciled the tension between this theory and the democratic nature of American politics. Because of this ambiguity and tension in the progressives’ theory of expertise, the politics/administration dichotomy was abandoned shortly after the administrative state was constructed. The place of expertise in the administrative state is still ambiguous, even in the twenty-first century.
Journal Article