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The gradual release of responsibility in literacy research and practice
This edited volume discusses how the Gradual Release of Responsibility model evolved and has been applied, how it benefits learners and teachers, and how it can be utilised for years to come.
Book
Artificial intelligence (AI) learning tools in K-12 education: A scoping review
Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy is a global strategic objective in education. However, little is known about how AI should be taught. In this paper, 46 studies in academic conferences and journals are reviewed to investigate pedagogical strategies, learning tools, assessment methods in AI literacy education in K-12 contexts, and students’ learning outcomes. The investigation reveals that the promotion of AI literacy education has seen significant progress in the past two decades. This highlights that intelligent agents, including Google’s Teachable Machine, Learning ML, and Machine Learning for Kids, are age-appropriate tools for AI literacy education in K-12 contexts. Kindergarten students can benefit from learning tools such as PopBots, while software devices, such as Scratch and Python, which help to develop the computational thinking of AI algorithms, can be introduced to both primary and secondary schools. The research shows that project-based, human–computer collaborative learning and play- and game-based approaches, with constructivist methodologies, have been applied frequently in AI literacy education. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning outcomes, course satisfaction and soft skills acquisition have been reported. The paper informs educators of appropriate learning tools, pedagogical strategies, assessment methodologies in AI literacy education, and students’ learning outcomes. Research implications and future research directions within the K-12 context are also discussed.
Journal Article
Developing and Validating the Artificial Intelligence Literacy Concept Inventory: an Instrument to Assess Artificial Intelligence Literacy among Middle School Students
The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our society makes it urgent and necessary to develop young students’ AI literacy so that they can become informed citizens and critical consumers of AI technology. Over the past decade many efforts have focused on developing curricular materials that make AI concepts accessible and engaging to young learners; and yet, limited research investigated how to assess learners’ AI literacy, which is critically important to inform the teaching and learning of AI. This paper addresses this issue by reporting the development and validation findings of the AI Literacy Concept Inventory Assessment (AI-CI), a set of multiple-choice questions designed to assess understanding of AI literacy concepts among middle school students. The AI-CI consists of 20 multiple choice questions examining student understanding of four topics: AI general concepts, logic systems, machine learning general concepts, and supervised learning. The content validity of AI-CI was established through multiple rounds of expert panel reviews with AI educators and experts, observations of student learning of AI, and cognitive validation interviews. The validity of the AI-CI was established with a sample of 981 students and the pre-posttest reliability was established with a sample of 108 middle school students who learned AI through experiencing the Developing AI literacy (DAILy) curriculum. The findings show that the AI-CI is a valid and reliable tool to assess AI literacy at the middle school level.
Journal Article
From small places : toward the realization of literacy as a human right
From Small Places: Toward the Realization of Literacy as a Human Right brings together history, theory, research, and practices that can lead to the realization of this right, both in itself, and as a means of achieving other rights. The premise of this book is that this right begins early in life within small places across the world. This idea originates from the words of Eleanor Roosevelt, Chair of the Commission that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home? So close and so small that they cannot be seen on any map of the world... Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Herein, literacy is viewed as a life-long social process. Literacy includes reading, writing, and new literacies that are evolving along with new technologies. The book includes an examination of the evolution of literacy as a human right from 1948, the time of the writing of the UDHR, to the present. Barriers to the realization of literacy as a human right, including the pedagogy of poverty and pathologizing the language of poor children, are explored. The book also describes theory, research and practices that can serve to dismantle these barriers. It includes research about brain development, language and literacy development from birth to the age of six, and examples of practices and community initiatives that honor, support, and build upon children's language and literacy.
Book
A Media Literacy Education Approach to High School Sexual Health Education: Immediate Effects of Media Aware on Adolescents’ Media, Sexual Health, and Communication Outcomes
Media may function as sex educators for adolescents; unfortunately, media messages often glamorize risky sexual behaviors and unhealthy relationships and neglect sexual health behaviors and communication. Media Aware is a web-based comprehensive sexual health program for high school students that uses a media literacy education approach. It is designed to improve adolescents’ critical thinking about media messages and provide medically-accurate information and skills building related to sexual health and communication. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2019-2020 with students (grades 9 and 10; n = 590) from 17 high schools across the United States. The sample was 53% female, 58% white/Caucasian; and 13% Hispanic/Latinx. One high school teacher per school and all of their 9th and 10th grade students were randomly assigned to either the intervention or delayed-intervention (control) condition. The study assessed the immediate (posttest) and short-term (3-month) effects of Media Aware on adolescents’ media, sexual health, and communication outcomes. For 9 of the 17 schools, students were home from school due to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic during the time of their 3-month data collection, which left the short-term analyses underpowered. However, several impacts of the program were found in the immediate posttest analyses. Media Aware was found to improve sexual health knowledge and redress inaccurate normative beliefs about the frequency of risky teen sex. Media Aware also improved critical thinking about media messages with demonstrated improvements in media message deconstruction skills and decreases in the perceived realism of media messages. Moderator analyses found some differential immediate effects of the program attributable to gender. Media Aware reduced girls’ normative beliefs about teen sex, generally, and increased their sexual health communication with parents as well as reduced boys’ acceptance of dating violence. Students gave positive feedback about Media Aware, especially related to the online format of the program. The results from this study provide evidence that Media Aware is an effective web-based program for positively enhancing high school students’ media, sexual health, and sexual health communication outcomes.
Journal Article
Reading achievement and motivation in boys and girls : field studies and methodological approaches
This volume links theoretical and instructional approaches on how reading is motivated and assessed, and examines the interrelationship between reading motivation and achievement among boys and girls in culturally and geographically different settings. Much of the research on children's reading has focused on cognitive processes; however, reading is an activity that also requires interest and motivation. These attitudes are generally defined as readers' affect toward reading and their consequence is that children with more positive attitudes are more motivated to read. Taking into account the variability that exists within the notion of gender and age, this volume aims to examine and scrutinize previous research on the topic, as well as test theories on how the different dimensions of reading motivation vary with gender, in relation to cultural issues, motivational constructs, such as engagement and classroom climate, the role of emotions, interests and attitudes towards reading, among others. The book will be of interest to researchers, educators, graduate students, and other professionals working in the area of literacy, reading motivation, reading achievement and gender differences.
Book
Development and validation of an artificial intelligence literacy assessment for kindergarten children
With Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy gaining more and more attention at the kindergarten level, it is becoming critical to assess the AI literacy levels of kindergarten children and develop appropriate courses to enhance their foundational AI knowledge and skills. This study proposes and validates a comprehensive AI literacy assessment tool (AI4KGA) for kindergarten children. The research involved 215 children and 19 experts. The validity and reliability of the AI4KG assessment were evaluated by experts, with Cronbach’s
α
and Item Response Theory approach. The results demonstrated that the AI literacy assessment (AI4KGA) was valid and reliable. We also found that younger children scored lower on the AI literacy assessment than older children and girls demonstrated a slightly higher AI literacy score than boys after they completed the AI4KG curriculum. The AI4KGA has potential applications for various stakeholders, such as policymakers, educators, instructional designers, researchers, and educational institutions. The findings suggest that the AI4KGA can evaluate children’s learning outcomes in terms of AI literacy. Overall, this research contributes to developing AI literacy assessment in kindergarten children and advancing AI literacy education.
Journal Article
The Use of Digital Technologies to Develop Young Children’s Language and Literacy Skills: A Systematic Review
This review was conducted to explore the use of digital technologies with young children in early childhood language and literacy education. It centers on peer-reviewed empirical journal articles published during the past two decades. An initial sample of refereed journal articles (N = 631) was compiled from systematically searching the Web of Science Core Collection databases. Following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 89 articles were included in the review. Five major dimensions of the selected studies were coded: demographic information, setting, digital technology used, research designs, and research findings. All of the articles selected for inclusion were systematically mapped to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this area. The main findings of the review were categorized and are reported in five subsections: print knowledge, alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, early vocabulary knowledge, and narrative skills. Each subsection is framed with practical implications gleaned from the empirical studies.
Journal Article