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A literature review was conducted to investigate marine global and local extinctions and their drivers; the review followed the PRISMA-EcoEvo guidelines. The data extracted was enhanced with status assessments from the IUCN Red List. We recorded local extinctions for 717 species, of which 18 were global extinctions. Most of these extinctions were recorded on very localized and sub-ecoregion scales. The taxonomic group with the most reported local extinctions was molluscs (31%), followed by cnidarians (22%), fish (17%) and macroalgae (15%). The dominant drivers of extinction differed by taxonomic group. High mobility taxa were driven extinct mainly by overexploitation, whereas low mobility taxa from pollution, climate change and habitat destruction. Most of these extinctions were recorded in the Temperate Northern Atlantic (41%) and the Central Indo-Pacific (30%). Overexploitation was historically the primary driver of marine local extinctions. However, in the last three decades, other drivers, such as climate change, climate variability, and pollution, have prevailed in the published literature. Half of the reported extinctions were of species not assessed by the IUCN Red List, and 16% were species in threatened categories. Global extinctions in the marine environment were mainly attributed to overexploitation, followed by invasive species, habitat destruction, trophic cascades, and pollution. Most extinctions reported in the literature were derived from low-confidence data. Inadequate monitoring may lead to false reports of extinctions or silent extinctions that are never reported. Improved conservation and restoration actions are urgently needed to halt biodiversity loss.

Nitrogen (N)-induced declines in species richness can be offset by grazing via the suppression of dominant species to increase ground-level light. However, it is not known whether grazing-mediated locally colonized species correspond to N-induced locally extinct species with regard to taxonomy or traits. Data from 11 years of N addition and winter grazing experiments were analyzed to assess species richness dynamics at community and functional group levels. Regarding N treatments, enclosure and N addition were performed during the first 7 years and were then followed by winter grazing with continuous N addition during the next 4 years. Additionally, all treatments were used to compare N-induced local species extinction and grazing-mediated local species colonization. Then, traits of N-induced locally extinct species and grazing-mediated locally colonized species were further correlated with plant traits. We found that N addition induced a decline in plant species richness as a result of both random and non-random species losses. The lost species were closely associated with traits, including low height, non-clonality, low special leaf area (SLA), and low leaf N concentrations, which are relevant to light capture capacity. In contrast, grazing promoted the random colonization of local rare species, thus offsetting the N-induced decline of species richness. However, non-randomly lost species were not rescued by grazing. Grazing-mediated locally colonized species were generally characterized by high leaf carbon (C) concentrations, SLA, and seed mass. Our study provides experimental evidence indicating although grazing offsets N-induced species reduction, shifts in species composition and traits could cause a divergence in ecosystem function facing anthropogenic alterations to nutrient cycles and grazing.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10235.].[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10235.].

Northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) have been studied intensively since their listing as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1990. Studies of spotted owl site occupancy have used various binary response measures, but most of these studies have made the assumption that detectability is perfect, or at least high and not variable. Further, previous studies did not consider temporal variation in site occupancy. We used relatively new methods for open population modeling of site occupancy that incorporated imperfect and variable detectability of spotted owls and allowed modeling of temporal variation in site occupancy, extinction, and colonization probabilities. We also examined the effects of barred owl (S. varia) presence on these parameters. We used spotted owl survey data from 1990 to 2002 for 3 study areas in Oregon, USA, and we used program MARK to develop and analyze site occupancy models. We found per visit detection probabilities averaged <0.70 and were highly variable among study years and study areas. Site occupancy probabilities for owl pairs declined greatly on 1 study area and slightly on the other 2 areas. For all owls, including singles and pairs, site occupancy was mostly stable through time. Barred owl presence had a negative effect on spotted owl detection probabilities, and it had either a positive effect on local-extinction probabilities or a negative effect on colonization probabilities. We conclude that further analyses of spotted owls must account for imperfect and variable detectability and barred owl presence to properly interpret results. Further, because barred owl presence is increasing within the range of northern spotted owls, we expect to see further declines in the proportion of sites occupied by spotted owls.

Climate change and infectious diseases threaten animal and plant species, even in natural and protected areas. To cope with these changes, species may acclimate, adapt, move or decline. Here, we test for shifts in anuran distributions in the Luquillo Mountains (LM), a tropical montane forest in Puerto Rico by comparing species distributions from historical (1931-1989)and current data (2015/2016). Historical data, which included different methodologies, were gathered through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and published literature, and the current data were collected using acoustic recorders along three elevational transects. In the recordings, we detected the 12 native frog species known to occur in LM. Over a span of ∼25 years, two species have become extinct and four species suffered extirpation in lowland areas. As a consequence, low elevation areas in the LM (<300 m) have lost at least six anuran species. We hypothesize that these extirpations are due to the effects of climate change and infectious diseases, which are restricting many species to higher elevations and a much smaller area. Land use change is not responsible for these changes because LM has been a protected reserve for the past 80 years. However, previous studies indicate that (1) climate change has increased temperatures in Puerto Rico, and (2) was found in 10 native species and early detection of Bd coincides with anurans declines in the LM. Our study confirms the general impressions of amphibian population extirpations at low elevations, and corroborates the levels of threat assigned by IUCN.