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In the article, the authors identify the features of the legal relationship that arises when concluding a contract for state and municipal needs. The authors conclude that this kind of specificity is related to the subject structure of this legal relationship, its object and the purpose that mediates the emergence of a contractual obligation: satisfaction of public needs and interests

Surface electromyography (sEMG) studies have indicated that chronic low back pain (cLBP) involves altered electromyographic activity and morphological structure of the lumbar multifidus (LM) beyond pain perception; however, most studies have evaluated the superficial lumbar multifidus. It is difficult to record electromyography (EMG) signals from the deep multifidus (DM) to determine the neuromuscular activation patterns, making it difficult to determine the relationship between functional and structural changes in cLBP. We developed a novel method to record intramuscular EMG signals in the DM based on the sEMG system and fine-wire electrodes. We measured EMG signals of the DM in 24 cLBP patients and 26 pain-free healthy controls to identify changes in neuromuscular activation. We also used ultrasound to measure DM muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, and contraction activity to identify potential relationships between EMG activity and structural damage. cLBP patients had decreased average EMG and root mean square, but increased median frequency and mean power frequency. Average EMG was positively correlated with contractile activity, but not statistically correlated with noncontractile anatomical abnormalities. Our results suggest that cLBP alters the neuromuscular activation patterns and morphological structure of the contractile activity of the DM, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying pain perception.

After more than 20 years of accumulation and development, Chinese network literature has produced a number of outstanding writers and a series of high-quality network literature works. Network literature has been supported by national policies and recognized by the mainstream. The number of network literature writers continues to grow and high-quality works continue to emerge. With the rapid development of network literature, there are still some outstanding problems: the provision of high-quality content is still insufficient to meet people's strong demand for a better life. Frequent infringement and plagiarism are the main obstacles to development; the price of intellectual property is inflated; and the evaluation system is neither perfect nor professional. From a long-term perspective, big data analysis shows that the integration and development of network literature and traditional literature will be an inevitable choice for network literature. With the intensification of the hierarchy of network writers, network literature will gradually enter the world and become a new academic hotspot in literary criticism. Since the emergence of Chinese cyber literature in 1998, a total of 16.47 million network literary works and 1.327 million contracted works had been produced by the end of 2017. A group of excellent network literature writers and a series of high quality network literature works had also been produced. In a sense, network literature has changed the development pattern of contemporary Chinese literature to a certain extent. It has been called one of the \"four cultural phenomena in the world \" in conjunction with Hollywood blockbusters, Japanese animation and Korean dramas[1].

In article the problem of distribution of technology dependent works on contractors is considered during creation of the innovation production due to capital investments in means of mechanization and automation of construction production that allows to construct such schedule by means of which time of accomplishment of the corresponding amount of works is minimized by the set great number of contractors and the optimum sequence of their accomplishment is defined. At the same time job sharing on contractors with use of methods of research of stream — Dijkstra’s algorithms is considered optimum. The relevance of creation of this model is defined by need of rational use of human resources. It is possible to carry possibility of process description of construction to advantages of model at the same time of several objects the innovation means of production with increase in parameters of organizational and technology reliability.

Paid work is absolutely central to the culture and politics of capitalist societies, yet today's work centered world is becoming increasingly hostile to the human need for autonomy, spontaneity and community. The grim reality of a society in which some are overworked, whilst others are condemned to intermittent work and unemployment, is progressively more difficult to tolerate. In this thought provoking book, David Frayne questions the central place of work in mainstream political visions of the future, laying bare the ways in which economic demands colonise our lives and priorities. Drawing on his original research into the lives of people who are actively resisting nine-to-five employment, Frayne asks what motivates these people to disconnect from work, whether or not their resistance is futile, and whether they might have the capaciity to inspire an alternative form of development, based on a reduction and social redistribution of work. A crucial dissection of the work-centred nature of modern society and emerging resistance to it, 'The Refusal of Work' is a bold call for a more humane and sustainable vision of social progress. (Page four of cover)

According to the Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standards, expenses are recognized when a decrease in future economic benefits related to a decrease in an asset or an increase of a liability has arisen that can be measured reliably. Under the matching principle between revenue and expenses, the latter are recognized based on the direct relation between the actually paid expenses and the earned revenue during the reporting period. In this context, expenses forming the value of finished goods are recognized when the revenue received from the sale of such goods is earned. In cases when the economic benefits are expected to be acquired during several reporting periods, expenses should be deferred and recognized during different reporting periods within which the acquisition of economic benefits is converted to cash. To defer them, a certain allocation base which is an item of the accounting policy followed by the entity should be applied. The key issue in the accounting of expenses and revenues under construction contracts is related to the allocation of the contract revenues and expenses between the reporting periods during which such works have been executed. Accounting standards outline the criteria for when to recognize expenses and revenue so that to identify the correct time when they should be recognized in the financial statements of the entity carrying out the works. The main concept underlying the accounting standards is that contract revenues and expenses associated with a construction contract are to be recognized as revenues and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the end of the reporting period. Construction contracts applied in practice are classified as fixed-price contracts and cost-plus contracts. A fixed-price contract is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost escalation clauses. A cost-plus contract is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.

The purpose of the research is to find measures to reduce information asymmetry which significantly affects the relationship between customer and contractor, leading to higher prices for construction work and enhanced opportunism. Information asymmetry can make contractor and customer move away from direct contractual relations to more and more costly ways of interaction: legal, law enforcement and ethical. In the long run, the most effective level of interaction is ethical, as it significantly reduces information asymmetry as well as attendant costs. The article proposes two approaches to analyse asymmetry of contractor's information: in the situation of limited access to internal information of a construction company and in the situation of maximum access to information of the activities of construction company's individual departments. In the first approach, an assessment of price discrimination and changes in the cost of construction due to a deliberate deterioration in its quality is used. In the second approach, a set of indicators is considered, grouped by the functional levels of the contractor: physical, procurement, economic, technological and design.

Ethical considerations arise when individuals who were contracted and paid to conduct a research study and write it up for publication, are denied authorship on a scholarly publication on the grounds that their work was contracted and paid for. Each of the various stakeholders should be considered. Researchers need to make sure that the contract recognizes their intellectual contribution and their right to be named as authors if and when the contracted study is published. If authorship disputes of published works arise, journal editors should have mechanisms in place for addressing such disputes. They should be able to see the contract and have all disputing parties agree to any changes in authorship. If the dispute cannot be resolved, the manuscript should be retracted. Contractors should develop a publication plan and include in the contract stipulations ensuring transparent and unambiguous authorship on any publication ensuing from contracted work. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the Committee for Publication Ethics should update their guidance for authors to include advice regarding researchers involved in contracted work and how to resolve an authorship disputes around it.

One of the challenges to innovate and create an IoT -enabled solution is in monitoring and management of the environment. Waste collection utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) with the technology of smart wireless sensors will able to gather fill-level data from waste containers hence providing a waste monitoring solution that brings up savings in waste collection costs. One of the challenges to the local authority is how to monitor the works of contractor effective and efficiently in waste management. This paper will propose to the local authority the implementation of smart waste management in Malaysia to improve the city management and to provide better services to the public towards smart city applications.

In the implementation of construction projects often present several problems, both are technical and non-technical. Risk management is an activity carried out to minimize the risks that might occur in the project. Construction in the Green Office Park district owned by PT. XYZ gives trust to one of the leading contractors in Indonesia and assisted by other specialist contractors. Green Office Park was recognized for incorporating advanced green architectures to conserve energy, water and natural resources. This district is located on a land area of 25 Ha and there are 6 office buildings and a lifestyle mall with beautiful and unique concepts that have Green features, like Microclimate Optimization, Green Transport and Integrated Parking, and Sustainable Management Practice. During the construction of several buildings in this district, they often experience various obstacles and more or less have similar problems in every development in this district. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors of quality of the contractors' work in the PT. XYZ. This study was examined based on various literature sources, namely: project life cycle, construction phase, risk management, quality management, the parties involved in the construction process, project performance, and various relevant research results. The research methodology is carried out by stages: discussing the problems that occur in the field, identifying research problems, preparing research instruments, analysing research problems and discussing the results of the research obtained. Through this research, resulted identification of risk factors of quality that affecting contractors' performance at the XYZ company.