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"Longitude"
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Latitude, longitude, and direction
Explains the concepts of latitude and longitude as well as the purpose of the compass rose on a map.
Book
How Do Shock Waves Define the Space-Time Structure of Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Events?
We revisit the full variety of observed temporal and spatial distributions of energetic solar protons in “gradual” solar energetic-particle (SEP) events resulting from the spatial variations in the shock waves that accelerate them. Differences in the shock strength at the solar longitude of a spacecraft and at the footpoint of its connecting magnetic field line, curved by solar rotation nominally
55
∘
to the west, drive much of that variation. The shock wave itself, together with energetic particles trapped near it by self-amplified hydromagnetic or Alfvén waves, forms an underlying autonomous structure. This structure can drive across magnetic field lines intact, spreading proton intensities in a widening SEP longitude distribution. During the formation of this fundamental structure, historically called an “energetic storm particle” (ESP) event, many SEPs leak away early, amplifying waves as they flow along well-connected field lines and broaden the distribution outward; behind the structure, between the shock and the Sun, a “reservoir” of quasi-trapped SEPs forms. Very large SEP events are complicated by additional extensive wave growth that can spread an extended ESP-like trapping region around the Sun throughout most of the pre-shock event. Here SEP intensities are bounded at the “streaming limit,” a balance between proton streaming, which amplifies waves, and scattering, which reduces the streaming. The multiplicity of shock-related processes contributing to the observed SEP profiles causes correlations of the events to be poorly represented by the single peak intensity commonly used. In fact, the extensive spatial distributions of SEPs are sometimes free and sometimes interwoven with the structures of the shocks that have accelerated them. We should consider new questions: Which extremes of the shock contribute most to a local SEPs profile of an event, (1) the shock at the longitude of a spacecraft, (2) the shock
∼
55
∘
to the west at the footpoint of the field, or (3) SEPs that have collected in the reservoir? How does the space-time distribution of SEPs correspond with the underlying space-time distribution of shock strength?
Journal Article
Earth's hemispheres
The division of the Earth into hemispheres isn t the easiest concept to teach or grasp. It involves geography, spatial awareness, map-reading abilities, and more. This volume makes it easy for any reader to develop a solid comprehension of this critical social studies lesson! Vivid, full-color maps and photographs are integrated with accessible main text to aid young readers understanding of this sometimes-tough topic. This essential book is a useful and valuable addition to any library s collection!
Book
Weather forecast and its visualization
We have built a weather app take the current location using latitude & longitude and sends this information to the API next it gets the temperature of popular areas along with the latitude & longitude of them, then recommends the coolest area near user and shows the temperature of the user location. To get the location of the user we have used location listener. The current location of the user is fetched through location listener and data is arranged into an array list. Async Task is a method which is used to access the data at any time required and the task is ran continuously in back ground. A Weather API is used to fetch the current temperature of the popular areas within the radius of 150 km then the data is stored into an array list. From the array lists the data is assigned by a temporary variable to get the minimum temperature and the area. The outcome of the app is in format of suggestion of area with minimum temperature and current location temperature.
Journal Article
The “SEP Clock”: A Discussion of First Proton Arrival Times in Wide-Spread Solar Energetic Particle Events
This work analyzes the appearance of wide-spread deka-MeV solar energetic proton (SEP) events, in particular the arrival of the first protons within ≈ 4.5 – 45 MeV measured at Earth–Sun L1, and their relationship with their relative solar source longitude. The definition of “wide-spread SEP event” for this study refers to events that are observed as a 25 MeV proton intensity increase at near 1 AU locations that are separated by at least 130
∘
in solar longitude. Many of these events are seen at all three of the spacecraft, STEREO (Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory) A, STEREO B, and SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory), and may therefore extend far beyond 130
∘
in longitude around the Sun. A large subset of these events have already been part of a study by Richardson et al. (
Solar Phys
.,
289
, 3059, 2014). The event source region identifications draw from this study; more recent events have also been added. Our focus is on answering two specific questions: (1) What is the maximum longitude over which SEP protons show energy dispersion, i.e., a clear sign of arrival of higher-energy protons before those of lower energy? (2) What implications can be drawn from the ensemble of events observed regarding either direct magnetic connectivity to shocks and/or cross-field transport from the site of the eruption in the onset phase of the event?
Journal Article
The discovery of longitude
Discusses the history of how longitude came about and how it changed map making forever.
Book
Molecular optical imaging probes for early diagnosis of drug-induced acute kidney injury
Drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) with a high morbidity and mortality is poorly diagnosed in hospitals and deficiently evaluated in drug discovery. Here, we report the development of molecular renal probes (MRPs) with high renal clearance efficiency for in vivo optical imaging of drug-induced AKI. MRPs specifically activate their near-infrared fluorescence or chemiluminescence signals towards the prodromal biomarkers of AKI including the superoxide anion, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and caspase-3, enabling an example of longitudinal imaging of multiple molecular events in the kidneys of living mice. Importantly, they in situ report the sequential occurrence of oxidative stress, lysosomal damage and cellular apoptosis, which precedes clinical manifestation of AKI (decreased glomerular filtration). Such an active imaging mechanism allows MRPs to non-invasively detect the onset of cisplatin-induced AKI at least 36 h earlier than the existing imaging methods. MRPs can also act as exogenous tracers for optical urinalysis that outperforms typical clinical/preclinical assays, demonstrating their clinical promise for early diagnosis of AKI.Chemiluminescent molecular renal probes have been developed and are shown to be capable of non-invasive real-time imaging of early-stage oxidative stress biomarkers of drug-induced acute kidney injury, and high renal clearance.
Journal Article
The New Version 3.2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly and Daily Precipitation Products
The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version 3.2 Precipitation Analysis provides globally complete analyses of surface precipitation on a 0.5° × 0.5° latitude–longitude grid at both monthly and daily time scales, covering from 1983 to the present and from June 2000 to the present, respectively. These merged products continue the GPCP heritage of incorporating precipitation estimates from low-orbit satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit satellite infrared data, sounder-based estimates, and surface rain gauge observations emphasizing the strengths of various inputs and striving for time and space homogeneity. Furthermore, these analyses incorporate modern algorithms, refined intercalibrations among sensors, climatologies of recent high-quality satellite precipitation data, and fine-scale multisatellite estimates. New data fields have been introduced to better characterize the precipitation, including the fraction of the precipitation that is liquid (rain) in both the monthly and daily products, and a quality index for the monthly product. Compared to the operational GPCP Version 2.3 Monthly, the Version 3.2 Monthly product provides a more reasonable climatology in the Southern Ocean and increases the estimated global average precipitation by about 4.5%, which is similar to estimates from recent global water budget assessments. Global and regional trends for 1983–2020 with this new Monthly dataset are very similar to those computed from Version 2.3. Compared to the operational One-Degree Daily (Version 1.3) product, the new Version 3.2 Daily is designed to better represent the histogram of precipitation rates, particularly at high values and shifts the start of less-certain high-latitude estimates from 40° to 58° latitude in each hemisphere.
Journal Article
A clinically applicable approach to continuous prediction of future acute kidney injury
The early prediction of deterioration could have an important role in supporting healthcare professionals, as an estimated 11% of deaths in hospital follow a failure to promptly recognize and treat deteriorating patients
1
. To achieve this goal requires predictions of patient risk that are continuously updated and accurate, and delivered at an individual level with sufficient context and enough time to act. Here we develop a deep learning approach for the continuous risk prediction of future deterioration in patients, building on recent work that models adverse events from electronic health records
2
–
17
and using acute kidney injury—a common and potentially life-threatening condition
18
—as an exemplar. Our model was developed on a large, longitudinal dataset of electronic health records that cover diverse clinical environments, comprising 703,782 adult patients across 172 inpatient and 1,062 outpatient sites. Our model predicts 55.8% of all inpatient episodes of acute kidney injury, and 90.2% of all acute kidney injuries that required subsequent administration of dialysis, with a lead time of up to 48 h and a ratio of 2 false alerts for every true alert. In addition to predicting future acute kidney injury, our model provides confidence assessments and a list of the clinical features that are most salient to each prediction, alongside predicted future trajectories for clinically relevant blood tests
9
. Although the recognition and prompt treatment of acute kidney injury is known to be challenging, our approach may offer opportunities for identifying patients at risk within a time window that enables early treatment.
A deep learning approach that predicts the risk of acute kidney injury may help to identify patients at risk of health deterioration within a time window that enables early treatment.
Journal Article