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"Lumber"
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Producing structural grade hardwood lumber as a raw material for cross-laminated timber: Yield and economic analysis
The economic feasibility of producing structural-grade hardwood lumber (SGHL) that qualifies as a raw material for structurally rated cross-laminated timber (CLT) was examined. 126 yellow poplar logs from diameters 12 to 15 inches were selected and divided into test and control samples. A log yield study was then conducted of the yield and revenue generated when producing lumber graded with National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules, SGHL rules, and a mix of both rules (NHLA and SGHL-graded lumber). Producing mix-grade lumber added approximately 27% more revenue than producing NHLA-grade lumber on average if sawmills adopt a cant sawing method. Mix-grade lumber production resulted in 32% of the total volume produced as SGHL and the remaining 68% as NHLA lumber. As a result, 2 Common and lower-grade lumber board footage was reduced to only 29% in test samples and remained converted into SGHL compared to more than 85% of 2 Common and lower-grade lumber boards for control samples. 95% of the SGHL produced as mixed-graded lumber with NHLA-grade lumber met the specifications required to produce structural CLT, and the remaining 5% can be utilized to produce non-structural grade CLTs if they meet the minimum requirement of the materials for CLT production.
Journal Article
Gifted : a novel
\"Henry Fielder, solitary and unmoored in his thirties, runs into an old lover and finds himself ready to tell the story he has harbored for two decades. He is fifteen, in rural western Oregon, enduring a year of sorrows. His mother has died, his father is physically abusive, and his extraordinary spiritual affinity for the wild lives of his native country seems to desert him. An older couple, retiring to the area from California, offer solace and expanded cultural horizons but set him further at odds with his millworker father. The abuse escalates, and ultimately a natural disaster catalyzes a crisis in which father and son betray each other and Henry sets out on a trek through the backcountry of the Oregon Coast Range, seeking to understand what has happened and to forge a new sense of self. A Huck Finn of the modern age, Henry is portrayed with a directness and clarity that pulls readers through the environmental dynamics of the Pacific Northwest. In stark yet beautiful prose that highlights his long tenure as a nature writer, Daniel creates an odyssey that explores the spiritual dimensions and deeply entangled pains and pleasures of belonging to the human domain and the natural world of which it is part. Set in the mid-1990s, when environmentalists and timber communities warred over the future of the last Northwestern old-growth forests, Gifted is the story of a young man with a metaphysical imagination-naive yet wise, gifted yet ordinary-who comes of age under harsh circumstances, negotiating the wildness of his home country, of his human relationships, and of the emerging complexities of his own being\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
US Imports for Canadian Softwood Lumber in the Context of Trade Dispute: A Cointegration Approach
In this paper, we examine US imports of softwood lumber from Canadian provinces that are covered under various trade restriction measures between the two countries, and from the rest of the world, including other Canadian provinces that are not subject to the trade restriction measures and other countries. Using the cointegration framework, we find that in the long run, housing/construction activity and the US domestic lumber prices have a positive impact, while imported Canadian lumber prices had a negative impact on the quantity of US lumber imports from the covered provinces. In the short run, the last two lumber trade restriction measures, high Countervailing Duty and Anti-dumping Duty from August 2001 to September 2006, and the latest Softwood Lumber Agreement of 2006 from October 2006 to March 2012 (the latest data available), reduced the US imports of softwood lumber from the covered provinces by −12.8% and −11.2%, respectively.
Journal Article
Quantitative assessment of adhesive effects on partial and full compressive strength of LVL in the edge-wise direction
Laminated wood-based materials have been widely developed, and the laminating process and adhesive itself have been reported to enhance performance beyond the sum of the individual layers' performance. This phenomenon is particularly notable under loads applied in the \"edge-wise direction\", where each layer bears stress collectively. These combined effects are referred to as the \"adhesive effect\". Strength under partial compressive loads is critical in timber engineering, as partial compressive stress generates complex stress distributions influenced by boundary conditions. The adhesive effect may also be impacted by these conditions. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and directly evaluate the adhesive effect under partial and full compressive loads using various parameters. The strength of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) with adhesive was compared to that of simply layered veneers without adhesive to assess the adhesive effect. Three mechanisms contributing to the adhesive effect were proposed: Mechanism I, caused by the deformation of the adhesive layer independently from the veneers; Mechanism II, resulting from the adhesive impregnating the veneers; and Mechanism III, arising from the reinforcement provided by adjacent veneers. The results suggested the following: (i) Mechanism I had minimal impact, as the fiber direction and the presence of additional length showed strong and slight effects on the adhesive effect, respectively; (ii) Mechanism II contributed to preventing crack propagation and altering the relationships among mechanical properties, with its effectiveness increasing as the adhesive weight increased; and (iii) Mechanism III functioned as a crossband effect, reinforcing weaknesses caused by the slope of the grain and the angle of the annual rings.
Journal Article
Luna and me : the true story of a girl who lived in a tree to save a forest
\"Social activism combines with environmentalism in this picture book bio of Julia Butterfly Hill and Luna, the thousand-year-old redwood tree whose life she saved\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Characterization and Yield of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell Logs for Lumber Production
The yield of Eucalyptus regnans logs for lumber production was evaluated. Crack width and length at each log end were measured. Two log-cutting plans were used to obtain sawn lumber. The first plan (PA) considered logs with diameters varying from 28 to 40 cm, and in the second plan (PB), the log diameters ranged from 42 to 56 cm (PB). Lumber yield was determined using two log volume methods: the Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS) and Smalian’s equation. The deformations of E. regnans lumber were measured. The Australian and Chilean standards were used to classify sawn lumber. The results showed that logs had radial cracks at both log ends. Cracks were classified into two groups, considering the crack length. Regarding the lumber deformations, most boards exhibited level B bows and crooks in both cutting plans. Levels A and B twists were prevalent in PA, whereas in PB, level A significantly outnumbered level B. The lumber yield of E. regnans in PB was higher than in PA. The lumber yield determined by Smalian’s equation was higher than that determined by the JAS method. This research provides insight into the characterization of E. regnans for lumber production, highlighting its relevance in the forestry industry.
Journal Article
Production, characterization, and potential of activated biochar as adsorbent for phenolic compounds from leachates in a lumber industry site
There is growing interest in low-cost, efficient materials for the removal of organic contaminants in municipal and industrial effluents. In this study, the efficiency of biochar and activated biochar, as promising adsorbents for phenol removal, was investigated at high (up to 1500 mg L
−1
) and low concentrations (0.54 mg L
−1
) in synthetic and real effluents (from wood-residue deposits in Québec), respectively. The performance of both materials was then evaluated in batch adsorption experiments, which were conducted using a low solid/liquid ratio (0.1 g:100 mL) at different phenol concentrations (
C
0
= 5–1500 mg L
−1
), and at 20 °C. Activated biochars presented higher phenol adsorption capacity compared to biochars due to their improved textural properties, higher micropore volume, and proportion of oxygenated carbonyl groups connected to their surface. The sorption equilibrium was reached within less than 4 h for all of materials, while the Langmuir model best described their sorption process. The maximum sorption capacity of activated biochars for phenol was found to be twofold relative to biochars (303 vs. 159 mg g
−1
). Results also showed that activated biochars were more effective than biochars in removing low phenol concentrations in real effluents. In addition, 95% of phenol removal was attained within 96 h (although 85% was removed after 4 h), thus reaching below the maximum authorized concentration allowed by Québec’s discharge criteria (0.05 mg L
−1
). These results show that activated biochars made from wood residues are promising potential adsorbent materials for the efficient treatment of phenol in synthetic and real effluents.
Journal Article
