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Human Factors Challenges in Emergency Management
The fire and emergency services is a particularly large industry - in Australia alone it employs 250,000 personnel - yet there is very little by way of published human factors books addressing this sector directly. This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art research that has been conducted within Australia, funded by the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. As Karl Weick once commented, emergency events do not 'play by the rules' and these research chapters tell us something about a potential future world of work that is highly dynamic, interdependent and for which improvisation and critical thinking and problem-solving are necessary pre-requisites.
eBook
How to reach a compromise solution on technical and non-structural flood control measures
Harmful impacts of floods are the result of an interaction between extreme hydrological events and environmental, social, and economic processes. Flood management should consider many diverse aspects and influences and an integrated approach to flood management therefore plays an important role. In order to make an analysis and provide an adequate flood management, it is necessary to bring together a team comprising experts e.g. from the fields of hydrology and water resources, nature protection, risk management, human security, municipal administration, economics, and land use. Estimates by experts can serve finding solutions to given YES/NO problems, and estimating the value of specific attributes or parameters. It is not easy to adopt the solution which represents the best possible agreement among the participating experts, since experts and other participants can represent diverse standpoints. In particular, landowners and leaseholders upstream a catchment are often in a different position than the members of the municipal flood control committee downstream in a city with a high inhabitancy. In order to measure and evaluate the level of agreement between experts and landowners, a newly developed method for assessing the level of agreement and the τ-agreement value was applied. The aim of the present paper is to illustrate the use of a fuzzy-group-agreement decision-making procedure of this kind, involving a broad range of standpoints in a case study of the Zdravá Voda catchment, Žarošice, Czech Republic. This illustration has been made by comparison of hydrological model scenarios with the experts’ decision. The method used in the paper applied towards aggregating expert proposals expressed as fuzzy quantities to propose a binary solution to estimate a decisive parameter numerical value. The decision achieved for the Zdravá Voda catchment was that the efficiency of structural measures (polder) was superior over the non-structural measures (replacement of the arable land by grassland).
Journal Article
Prey preference and biomass consumption of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) fed Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
The predation rate of the polyphagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus when offered two aphid species, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, was investigated. Equal or unequal numbers of nymphs of each instar of the aphids were offered to the predator alone or together. Aphids were placed on an eggplant leaf, together with a fifth instar nymph of the predator in a plastic Petri dish and kept in growth cabinets at 25 deg C, 65+/-5% r.h., and a 16L : 8D photoperiod. The predation rate of M. pygmaeus was always higher on M. persicae than on M. euphorbiae. However, biomass consumption was highest when instars of M. euphorbiae were offered in unequal numbers. The predator showed a strong preference and higher biomass consumption of first and second instar M. persicae. In tests where M. euphorbiae was the prey, preference and biomass consumption were almost always higher for the first instar. Therefore, first and second instar M. persicae and first instar M. euphorbiae provide optimal prey for M. pygmaeus. The implication of the prey preference shown by M. pygmaeus for the biological control of these two aphid species is discussed.
Journal Article
Life-history parameters of Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus eremicus and E. mundus, aphelinid parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Life-history parameters (juvenile development time, adult longevity, host instar preference and rate of parasitism) of four parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (two strains of Encarsia formosa (D and B), Eretmocerus eremicus and Eretmocerus mundus) were studied in the laboratory. At 15 deg C juvenile development time was the shortest for E. formosa B (48 days), longest for E. eremicus (79.3 days) and intermediate for E. formosa D (62.8 days) and E. mundus (64 days) at 15 deg C. With increase in temperature, development time decreased to around 14 days for all species/strains at 32 deg C. The lower developmental threshold for development was 11.5, 8.1, 13.0 and 11.5 deg C for E. formosa D, E. formosa B, E. eremicus and E. mundus, respectively. E. formosa D and B, and E. mundus all appeared to prefer to parasitize 3rd instar nymphs. The presence of hosts shortened adult longevity in most of the parasitoids, with the exception of E. formosa B. The two Encarsia strains had a constant, but low rate of reproduction during adult life, while the two Eretmocerus species had a very high rate of reproduction when one-day old, which then decreased very quickly. Lifetime fecundity, estimated using a non-linear model, indicated that it was higher for the two Encarsia strains than for the Eretmocerus species. The potential value for the biological control of whiteflies on greenhouse crops of parasitoids having either a high reproductive rate over a short period (Eretmocerus spp.) or a low rate of reproduction over a long period (Encarsia spp.) is discussed.
Journal Article
Predation upon the oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by two aphidophagous coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the presence and absence of aphids
Our goal was to determine the effect of the presence of aphids on voracity (measured as number of prey eaten and biomass consumed) of Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis feeding upon the oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana. For each coccinellid predator, treatments using a single prey species, with either 30 first instar C. rosaceana or 100 third instars Aphis pomi DeGeer, were compared with two-prey treatments in which the two prey species were present simultaneously. For both predators, the total number of prey killed (total prey species pooled) and the total biomass consumed were significantly higher when both prey were present than in single-prey treatments. The voracity of C. septempunctata on C. rosaceana larvae was not affected by adding A. pomi, whereas that of H. axyridis declined; the voracity of both predators on A. pomi increased when C. rosaceana larvae were added. The preference for the aphids over C. rosaceana was confirmed for both coccinellid species.
Journal Article
On the fireline
In this rugged account of a rugged profession, Matthew Desmond explores the heart and soul of the wildland firefighter. Having joined a firecrew in Northern Arizona as a young man, Desmond relates his experiences with intimate knowledge and native ease, adroitly balancing emotion with analysis and action with insight. On the Fireline shows that these firefighters aren’t the adrenaline junkies or romantic heroes as they’re so often portrayed. An immersion into a dangerous world, On the Fireline is also a sophisticated analysis of a high-risk profession—and a captivating read.
eBook
On-farm adoption of conservation practices: the role of farm and farmer characteristics, perceptions, and health hazards
The research reported in this paper concerns (1) Quebec potato farmers and the factors that compose their concern for environmental degradation and (2) the adoption of conservation practices using a two-stage decision-making process. The surveyed farmers are concerned mainly with the problem of pest infestation. Their awareness of environmental problems is raised by the level of educational attainment, membership in producers' organizations, and participation in government sponsored farm programs. The actual adoption of conservation practices by farmers is influenced by the extent to which they perceive environmental degradation to be a problem, their educational level, the expected crop loss to pests and weeds, the perceived health effects of farm chemicals application, and the availability of adequate information on the best management practices.
Journal Article
Searching for the correct benefit estimate: empirical evidence for an alternative perspective
This paper contrasts the results of the contingent valuation, hedonic price, and property damages avoided valuation techniques. Each technique was used to estimate the value of flood risk reduction from the construction of a flood control project. Voting behavior in a referendum called specifically for the provision of the project was used to further interpret the results from the three valuation studies. Substantial differences were found between the estimates. In explaining these differences an alternative perspective on the current debate over the validity and accuracy of nonmarket value estimates is offered.
Journal Article
SELOMA: expert system for weed management in herbicide-intensive crops
A practical expert system is needed to handle POST weed control in herbicide-intensive crops such as wheat, barley, oat, rye, sugarbeet, corn, and sorghum. SELOMA is an expert system having a step-by-step problem-solving procedure closely resembling what a weed management expert would follow. It is based on field surveys of weed density, and crop and weed growth stage and height. SELOMA evaluates weed competitiveness and provides weed management advice. It suggests whether or not to intervene, chemical and mechanical weed control treatments, and selects the best herbicides, including commercial formulations, costs, and optimal dosages.
Journal Article