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The empirical research on the various effects of international trade in periods of a steady world economy, crisis phenomena and post-crisis recovery enables the formation of generalized principles of foreign trade policy aimed at economic growth. The purpose of the paper consists in the determination of the impact of foreign trade factors on economic growth in each of the periods of the economic state and the substantiation of the hypothesis regarding the expediency of adapting foreign trade to the economic situation in the country. The authors of the paper use the tool of fuzzy neural networks for spatial data for 82 countries of the world at time intervals of stability, crisis and post-crisis recovery. This made it possible to find a rational approach to the formation of foreign trade guidelines under different macroeconomic conditions. The results of the research revealed that during periods of a steady economy, the maximization of realistically achievable rates of economic growth (about 10-20%) occurs at average and relatively equal levels of export and import (from 30% to 60%). At the same time, a potential surge in the rate of economic growth may be achieved due to a reduction in the level of exports while maintaining the average level of imports. During crisis phenomena, countries that have limited imports and maintained the average level of export of their products are the most stable, and the potential opportunities for increasing the rate of economic growth are seen in the increase of imports to the pre-crisis level. During post-crisis recovery, the greatest potential rates of economic growth are achieved with the maximum possible increase in exports and a reduction in the level of imports. It is determined that the export of high-tech products is an influential factor in economic growth. However, its level should be rationally adapted to the macroeconomic conditions and the structure of international trade, based on the theory of mercantilism.

The recent European debt crisis has led many governments to impose strict measures to alleviate public expenditure and increase revenue, especially in the southern countries. Many public services and infrastructures became more costly for users due to the increase of existing fees or the implementation of new ones. In Portugal, one of the measures adopted by the government consisted in the removal of shadow tolls and the application of the user-pays principle to the entire network of rural motorways. To rapidly implement, this measure, in the context of financial constraints, the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), materialized by the installation of gantries in selected motorway segments, was the preferred solution over the more time and resource consuming construction of toll plazas. Toll revenue is directly collected by the state, which intends to cover, at least partially, the expenses associated with the contractual payments to private concessionaires for the traffic using these roads. The main objective of this research is to provide a new optimization tool to allocate toll gantries to the segments of an existing motorway with the aim of maximizing toll revenue, based on the case study of Portuguese motorways. A macroscopic decision model that predicts drivers’ decision on using a tolled segment or the fastest alternative route and an optimization model that sets the price and location of toll gantries along a given motorway work together to provide a valuable tool to maximize the revenue. A special focus has been placed on scenarios of economic downturn, characterized by a negative growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); however, the new tool allows making explanatory analyses for situations of economic growth. The results show that the optimal configuration for ETC vary with the macroeconomic scenario, with the number of tolled segments and price per kilometre inducing relevant variations on the revenue and traffic volume. The proposed methodology may be applied in other countries to assist decision makers in the implementation of ETC in motorways under different conditions. The required data is easy to collect from sources at the disposal of the practitioners.

The article investigates the activity of enterprise structures in the conditions of the external environment, which includes both the legislative provision, as well as the macroeconomic situation. In particular, the Corporation, in its current activities are guided by the following key indicators: the dynamics of the exchange rate; the level of market prices for manufactured products; the dynamics of stock indices of activity; the level of bank lending rates; the tax environment; dynamics and structure of investment. Centrifugal forces led to the collapse of confidence monopolized and centralized organization of the economy; encouraged independence and allowed rental companies prompted the director's body to their gradual subordination of groups of employees, shares the position of the heads, ie corporatism acquired hue loyalty authorities. The tension in the foreign exchange market, along with the complete absence of corporate securities market make the regional financial instruments are virtually the only way to protect against inflation and income in Russia. We consider the general financial condition of Russian companies, which can be characterized by summary measures according to State Statistics Committee of Russia.

The strong growth performance of Baltic states, in the period 2000-07, was accompanied by rapid changes across the economy. Between 2004 and 2007 the Baltic statesstood among the EU countries for their high growth rate. The global financial crisis hit the Baltic statesmuch harder than other countries in the EU. In order to improve public finance sector were necessary radical consolidation. The aim of the article is to show the impact of the consolidation processes to improve the financial performance of the public finance sector.

This book analyzes the objectives and content of the World Bank's assistance program during the period 1994-2003, the economic and social development outcomes in Pakistan, and the contributions of the Bank to development outcomes.

Using the ordinary least squares regression, this paper explores the influence of intellectual capital on the financial performance of manufacturing new firms in Spain. The research is designed into three tiers for finding the differences: comparing the economic downturn period with the upturn period; comparing the high-tech new firms with the low-tech new firms; comparing the impacts in the current period with in the future period. The results show that first, intellectual capital influences firms' financial performance in both the short-term period and long-term period; second, human capital works as the most influential component of intellectual capital with a positive effect in the models for current return and for future return; third, compared to the model for current return, in the model for future return there are more variables showing changes of their impacts between the downturn and upturn periods; fourth, macro-economic situations tend to affect more on the factors for high-tech new firms than low-tech ones. Therefore, the findings can help the managers of new firms better utilize their intellectual capital elements to drive financial performance.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction China's Macroeconomy Since 2007 Foreign Trade and Policies Since 2007 Facts Revisited and Political Economy Conclusion References

In recent years, debates on sustainable economic development have highlighted the importance of comprehensive growth especially in developing countries. Inclusive growth is widely seen as a key ingredient for sustainable development. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. The current study examines the level of inclusive growth and sustainable development and association among them in 11 selected developing countries for the year 2008 and 2018. We extract key factors on variables of interest from 7 pillars of inclusive growth level and United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals by using the Principal Components Analysis and the Multivariate Analysis. The key results highlight that Turkey and China have achieved highest while Pakistan and Indonesia represent the lowest level of inclusive growth. Similarly, Brazil and Pakistan show the lowest while Cambodia and Thailand hold the highest rank on sustainable development level. The empirical findings show high value of negative correlation coefficients between social inclusion of inclusive growth and prevalence of poverty with life-threatening factors of sustainable development. Similarly, a high positive value between unsatisfactory medical services, education and state transparency of inclusive growth; poverty and its consequences of sustainable development further confirms the robustness of association among variables of interest our. A strong recommendation on improving the inclusive growth as policy strategy is suggested in developing countries to further enhance the sustainable development.

The stability of the economy of any country is primarily determined by the totality of macroeconomic indicators that describe the current economic state. This article provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the macroeconomic situation in Europe according to the data of 2020. The purpose of the article is to give a clear idea of the relative position of the economies of European countries, their proximity or the significance of their differences to determine each country’s place in the overall European economic system. Research objectives: (1) to identify the necessary macroeconomic indicators for the research; (2) to determine the direction of the impact of these indicators on the economic situation of European countries; (3) to carry out a cluster division of the studied countries with the identification of the main characteristics of each cluster; (4) to identify the main macroeconomic indicators that determine the level of welfare of European countries, (5) to reduce the dimension of the multi-dimensional economic space using integrated latent factors, (6) to build a fuzzy mathematical model to predict the level of welfare of the country when the specified values of latent factors are achieved. The methodological basis of the analysis is the methods of processing multi-dimensional information, such as multi-dimensional scaling, cluster analysis, factor analysis, multivariate regression analysis, analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, and fuzzy modelling methods. The multivariate data processing was performed using the SPSS and FuzzyTech computer programs. The results obtained in the article can be useful in carrying out macroeconomic reforms to improve the economic condition of the countries.

On 1 January 2022, the population of France was 67.8 million, 187,000 more than on 1 January 2021. Numbers of births, abortions, and marriages in 2021 were higher than in 2020 but did not return to the levels observed before the COVID-19 pandemic (2019). Mortality followed a similar pattern, with an improvement in 2021, but not a return to pre-crisis levels. In 2021, France was one of nine countries in EU-27 with positive natural population increase, although net migration made a larger contribution to demographic growth. The French population is still growing, therefore, but more slowly than before the pandemic. In 2020, admissions of third-country nationals with a residence permit fell sharply due to the health crisis. Admissions for employment reasons decreased most markedly. Inflows were concentrated in the Paris region (Île-de-France). In 2021, the total fertility rate increased very slightly (1.83 children per woman) due mainly to an increase in rates at ages 30–39, with an age profile that varies across regions. The number of abortions remained stable between 2020 and 2021, but the share of medical abortions is increasing each year (77% in 2021), above all those managed in non-hospital settings. There are large geographical disparities, however, due to inequalities in care provision at local level. The upturn in marriages in 2021 only partially made up for those that could not be celebrated in 2020. PACS unions outnumbered marriages for the first time in 2020. Marriages are more frequent in eastern France, and PACS civil unions along the Atlantic coast and in the south-west. While lower than in 2020, the number of deaths remained high in 2021. Life expectancy in 2021 was still 4.6 months lower than in 2019 for men, and 1.4 months lower for women. Estimated excess mortality was 6.3% in 2021, after reaching 7.5% in 2020. The most affected regions are not necessarily those where mortality was initially high. Le 1er janvier 2022, la France comptait 67,8 millions d’habitants soit 187 000 de plus qu’au 1er janvier 2021. Les nombres de naissances, d’IVG et de mariages en 2021 ont augmenté si on les compare à 2020, sans toutefois retrouver les niveaux observés avant la crise sanitaire (2019). Il en est de meme pour les décès dont le nombre a diminué, mais reste encore supérieur à celui observé en 2019. En 2021, la France fait partie des 9 pays européens parmi les 27 dont le solde naturel est positif. Son solde migratoire l’est également et, en 2021, est supérieur au solde naturel. Au total, la population de la France continue d’augmenter, mais à un rythme plus faible qu’avant la pandémie. En 2020, les flux d’entrées de personnes venant de pays tiers avec un titre de séjour ont très fortement diminué du fait de la crise sanitaire. Ce sont les titres pour raison professionnelle qui ont le plus baissé. Les demandes se concentrent en Île-de-France. En 2021, l’indice conjoncturel de fécondité augmente très légèrement (1,83 enfant par femme), principalement du fait de la hausse des taux entre 30 et 39 ans. Le profil par âge varie selon les régions. Le recours à l’avortement est plutôt stable entre 2020 et 2021, mais la part des IVG réalisées par la methode medicamenteuse augmente d’année en année (77 % en 2021), surtout celles pratiquées en cabinet de ville. Cependant, on observe d’importantes différences territoriales, du fait d’une offre de soins inégale au niveau local. En 2021, le rattrapage des mariages qui n’ont pu être célébrés en 2020 n’a été que partiel. Pour la première fois en 2020, le nombre de pacs dépasse celui des mariages. Les mariages sont plus fréquents sur le flanc est du pays et les pacs sur la façade atlantique et dans le Sud-Ouest. Le nombre de décès reste important en 2021 malgré une amélioration par rapport à 2020. L’espérance de vie en 2021 reste inférieure de 4,6 mois pour les hommes par rapport à 2019, et de 1,4 mois pour les femmes. La surmortalità est estimàe à 6,3 % en 2021 après avoir été de 7,5 % en 2020. Les régions les plus touchées ne sont pas nécessairement celles où la mortalité était initialement forte. El 1 de enero de 2022, Francia contaba con 67,8 millones de habitantes, es decir, 187 000 más que el 1 de enero de 2021. El número de nacimientos, de IVE y de matrimonios en 2021 aumento en comparación a 2020, pero sin alcanzar los niveles observados antes de la crisis sanitaria (2019). Lo mismo ocurrió con las defunciones, cuyo número disminuyó, aunque seguía siendo superior al observado en 2019. En 2021, Francia se encontraba entre los 9 países europeos de los 27 cuyo crecimiento vegetativo era positivo. El saldo migratorio también lo era y, en 2021, fue superior al crecimiento vegetativo. En su conjunto, la población de Francia continúa aumentando, pero a un ritmo más lento que antes de la pandemia. En 2020, los flujos de entradas de personas provenientes de países terceros con permiso de residencia disminuyeron considerablemente debido a la crisis sanitaria. Los visados por razones profesionales fueron los que más cayeron. Las solicitudes se concentraban en Île-de-France. En 2021, el índice coyuntural de fecundidad experimentó un ligero aumento (1,83 hijos por mujer), principalmente por la subida de las tasas entre los 30 y los 39 años. El perfil por edad varía según las regiones. El recurso al aborto se mantiene más bien estable entre 2020 y 2021, pero la parte de IVE realizadas por el método farmacológico aumenta año tras año (77 % en 2021), sobre todo las practicadas en consultorios urbanos. No obstante, se observan importantes diferencias territoriales, por una oferta de atención sanitaria desigual a nivel local. En 2021, la recuperacion de matrimonios que no pudieron celebrarse en 2020 tan sólo fue parcial. Por primera vez en 2020, el número de PACS (Pacto Civil de Solidaridad) sobrepasaba al de matrimonios. Los matrimonios son más frecuentes en el este del pais y los PACS en la costa atlantica y en el suroeste. El número de defunciones seguía siendo importante en 2021 aunque hubiera mejorado con respecto a 2020. La esperanza de vida en 2021 se redujo 4,6 meses para los hombres con respecto a 2019, y 1,4 meses para las mujeres. El exceso de mortalidad se estima en 6,3 % en 2021 tras haber alcanzado el 7,5 % en 2020. Las regiones más afectadas no son necesariamente aquellas que presentaban en principio una mortalidad más acusada.