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97 result(s) for "MALATTIE DELLE PIANTE"
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Huanglongbing: a destructive, newly-emerging, century-old disease of citrus Asia; South Africa; Brazil; Florida
A detailed account is given of the history, aetiology, biology, epidemiology, detection, geographical distribution, and control of huanglongbing (HLB), a destructive disease of citrus that represents a major threat to the world citrus industry, and is slowly invading new citrusgrowing areas. HLB, whose name in Chinese means \"yellow dragon disease\", was first reported from southern China in 1919 and is now known to occur in next to 40 different Asian, African, Oceanian, South and North American countries. The agent is a phloem-restricted, non cultured, Gram-negative bacterium causing crippling diseases denoted \"greening\" in South Africa, \"mottle leaf\" in the Philippines, \"dieback\" in India, \"vein phloem degeneration\" in Indonesia. The HLB bacterium belongs to the genus Candidatus Liberibacter, three species of which are currently known, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, occurring in Asian countries and, to a lesser extent, in Brazil and the USA (Florida), Candidatus Liberibacter africanus with its subspecies \"capensis\", recorded from African countries, and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus present in Brazil. The suggestion is that each liberibacter species has evolved in the continent after which it is named. HLB symptoms are virtually the same wherever the disease occurs. Infected trees show a blotchy mottle condition of the leaves that results in the development of yellow shoots, the early and very characteristic symptom of the disease. Trees are stunted, declining and bear a few, small-sized, and deformed (lop-sided) fruits, that are poorly coloured (greening) and with coloration starting at the peduncular end (colour inversion). HLB can be transmitted by grafting from citrus to citrus and by dodder to periwinkle. The psyllids Trioza erytreae and Diaphorina citri are natural vectors. Two different types of HLB are known: the heat-sensitive African form transmitted by T. erytreae, which develops at temperatures of 22-25°C, and the heat-tolerant Asian form, transmitted by D. citri, which stands temperatures well above 30°C. Although the HLB pathogen can be identified by electron microscopy, other laboratory methods are used for routine detection. ELISA with monoclonal antibodies is not recommended. Better systems are dot blot hybridization with a DNA probe, and various PCR formats (one-step, nested, multiplex) using species-specific primers based on 16S rRNA or rplKAJL-rpoBC operon sequences. Because no curative methods of HLB are available, control is preventive and largely based on inoculum elimination by removal of infected trees and chemical treatments against vectors. Strict quarantine measures must be implemented to impair further international spread of HLB agents and their vectors.
Botryosphaeria species associated with diseases of grapevines in Portugal Vitis vinifera L.
Although Botryosphaeria species are known to cause cankers and dieback in many different woody hosts, their importance in grapevines has been largely ignored. Indeed, they are more often regarded as saprophytes or weak pathogens. In the work presented here the species of Botryosphaeria associated with wood and trunk diseases of grapevines in Portugal were determined. Three species, namely, B. obtusa, B. parva and B. lutea, were regularly associated with trunk dieback, wood necrosis, brown wood streaking, cane bleaching or incomplete grafts. Botryosphaeria parva was the most common and widely distributed species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. stevensii were less common; the former was found on bleached canes and on necrotic tissues at the graft union, while the latter was isolated from necrotic buds and, occasionally, from brown streaks in the wood. These data indicate that B. parva is associated with many of the symptoms normally linked with infection by other fungi in the grapevine decline syndrome. To stimulate further research on this genus, descriptions of the species associated with grapevines and an identification key are provided [Sebbene sia noto che le specie di Botryosphaeria causano cancri e degenerazione in numerosi ospiti costituiti da piante legnose, la loro importanza nella vite e' stata ampiamente ignorata. In realta', esse sono considerate spesso come saprofite o come patogeni deboli. In questo lavoro sono state determinate le specie di Botryosphaeria associate alle malattie del legno e del tronco della vite in Portogallo. Tre specie, precisamente B. obtusa, B. parva e B. lutea, sono risultate associate comunemente con deperimento del fusto, necrosi del legno, striature brune del legno, decolorazione dei tralci o innesti incompleti. Botryosphaeria parva e' risultata la specie piu' comune e largamente diffusa. Botryosphaeria dothidea e B. stevensii erano meno frequenti; la prima e' stata trovata su tralci scoloriti e su tessuti necrotici in corrispondenza del punto di innesto, mentre la seconda e' stata isolata da gemme necrotiche e, occasionalmente, da striature brune nel legno. Questi dati indicano che B. parva e' associata a molti dei sintomi collegati normalmente all'infezione da parte di altri funghi nella malattia del deperimento della vite. Per stimolare ulteriori ricerche su questo genere, vengono fornite le descrizioni delle specie associate alla vite e una chiave per la loro identificazione]
Short taxonomic guide to the genus \Candidatus Phytoplasma\ plant diseases
The category of Candidatus was introduced to allow unambiguous reference to organisms that could not be cultivated in vitro. In plant pathology, a major impact of this novel taxonomic concept was to enable the classification of the diverse group of organisms, morphologically similar to the mycoplasmas, known by the trivial name of phytoplasmas. These plant pathogens were originally named according to the disease they caused. Later, extensive sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA genes allowed the development of an evolution-based classification and the grouping of the phytoplasmas into phylogenetically distinct clades. Unfortunately, the phytopathological and the phylogenetic classification did not match and had striking contradictions. With the adoption of the category Candidatus, the description of the genus \"Ca. Phytoplasma\" and several \"Ca. Phytoplasma\" species, the scientific community is now attempting to provide a classification that takes into account both the phylogenetic and the biological/ecological characteristics of the organisms. Here we provide an outline of the characteristics and composition of the genus \"Ca. Phytoplasma\" [La categoria dei Candidatus è stata introdotta per poter disporre di riferimenti non ambigui a organismi che non potevano essere coltivati in vitro. In patologia vegetale, un effetto principale di questo nuovo concetto tassonomico è stato quello di consentire la classificazione del gruppo vario di microrganismi, simili morfologicamente ai micoplasmi, indicati con il nome corrente di fitoplasmi. Questi patogeni delle piante sono stati originariamente denominati in rapporto alla malattia che essi causavano. In seguito, un´ampia analisi della sequenza genica mediante l´RNA ribosomiale ha consentito di sviluppare una classificazione basata sull´evoluzione e il raggruppamento dei fitoplasmi in cladi distinti dal punto di vista filogenetico. Sfortunatamente, la classificazione fitopatologica e quella filogenetica non coincidevano e presentavano evidenti contraddizioni. Con l´adozione della categoria Candidatus, la descrizione del genere \"Ca. Phytoplasma\" e di numerose specie \"Ca. Phytoplasma\", la comunità scientifica sta attualmente tentando di fornire una classificazione che tiene conto delle caratteristiche sia filogenetiche, sia biologico/ecologiche degli organismi. In questo contributo presentiamo i lineamenti delle caratteristiche e della composizione del genere \"Ca. Phytoplasma\".]
Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas phytoplasmal diseases - crops
Phytoplasmas for which 16S rDNA sequences are available have been classified into 20 major phylogenetic groups or subclasses. Further phytoplasmas have been assigned to these groups, according to other molecular data such as RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA, nucleic acid hybridization, and serological comparison. A total of 75 phytoplasmas were distinguishable among the molecularly characterized phytopathogenic mollicutes I fitoplasmi, dei quali la sequenza nucleotidica del 16S rDNA era nota, sono stati classificati in 20 gruppi fitogenetici principali. Sulla base di dati ottenuti mediante analisi di RFLP del DNA ribosomale amplificato mediante PCR, ibridazione di acidi nucleici e sierologia, altri fitoplasmi sono stati assegnati ai gruppi suddetti. Un totale di 75 distinti taxa e' stato individuato tra tutti i mollicuti fitopatogeni caratterizzati con metodiche molecolari
Trichoderma. From genes to biocontrol plant diseases
Species of Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against fungal pathogens. Since this process requires the degradation of the cell wall of fungal host, chitinases secreted by Trichoderma have been addressed as major determinants of biocontrol activity. In this review we report on the recent progress in the understanding role of one chitinase isoenzyme - the 42 kDa endochitinase - for biocontrol by T. atroviride and in recombinant plants and on the regulatory circuits governing its expression upon contact of Trichoderma with plant pathogenic hosts [Specie del genere Trichoderma sono utilizzate commercialmente come agenti di controllo biologico nei confronti di patogeni fungini. Dal momento che questo processo richiede la degradazione della parete cellulare dell'ospite fungino, le chitinasi secrete da Trichoderma sono state considerate i determinanti principali dell'attivita' di controllo biologico. In questa rassegna riferiamo sui progressi recenti nella comprensione del ruolo di un isoenzima della chitinasi - l'endochitinasi 42 kDa - per il controllo da parte di T. atroviride e nelle piante ricombinanti e sui meccanismi regolatori che regolano la sua espressione a seguito del contatto fra Trichoderma e gli ospiti patogeni delle piante]
A California-based chronological review (1995-2004) of research on Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death Quercus agrifolia Née
This review describes in chronological order the events surrounding the discovery in California of the causal agent of the forest disease known as sudden oak death. Advances in the understanding of this emergent disease have occurred over a very short period of time and include elements of host-pathogen interactions, epidemiology, genetics, as well as the development of treatment options. Only three years from its discovery in California, the entire genome of Phytophthora ramorum was sequenced. The availability of the genome offers endless possibilities for research and it has already been tapped to provide the strongest evidence yet in support of an exotic nature of this pathogen both in California forests and in European nurseries. Finally, this emergent disease highlights the inevitable connectivity between the ornamental plant business and the health of native forests [Questa rassegna descrive in ordine cronologico gli eventi relativi alla scoperta, in California, dell'agente causale della malattia conosciuta come morte improvvisa delle querce. Si sono verificati progressi nella comprensione di questa malattia emergente in un periodo di tempo molto breve, su aspetti delle interazioni ospite-patogeno, sull'epidemiologia, sulla genetica, come pure sullo sviluppo delle opzioni relative di trattamento. A soli tre anni dalla sua scoperta in California, l'intero genoma di Phytophthora ramorum è stato sequenziato. La disponibilità del genoma offre illimitate possibilità di ricerca ed è stata già utilizzata per evidenziare la natura esotica di questo patogeno, sia nelle foreste della California, sia nei vivai europei. Infine, questa malattia emergente evidenzia il rapporto inevitabile fra il mercato delle piante ornamentali e i problemi fitosanitari delle foreste spontanee.]
Bacterial populations related to gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) stem break
Bacterial distribution, both external (epiphytic) and internal (endophytic), on Gerbera jamesonii L. cv Provence and its relationship to gerbera stem break and ethylene production were investigated. The greatest number of epiphytic bacteria was found at capitulum level and 20 cm below. Three genera of bacteria were identified: Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pantoea. A silver nitrate solution greatly reduced ethylene production in cut flowers. The use of acid fuchsin solution revealed an occlusion of the xylem vessels, probably due to bacterial cells. The bacteria Acinetobacter, Pantoea and Bacillus appeared to be involved in stem break once their populations reached 10E5 cfu gE-1 of stem tissue [Sono state studiate la distribuzione batterica, sia esterna (epifitica), sia interna (endofitica), su Gerbera jamesonii cv Provence e le sue relazioni con la rottura del fusto della gerbera e la produzione di etilene. Il maggior numero di batteri epifiti è stato riscontrato a livello del capolino e 20 cm sotto. Sono stati identificati tre generi di batteri: Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pantoea. Una soluzione di nitrato d'argento ha ridotto grandemente la produzione di etilene nei fiori recisi. L'impiego di una soluzione di fucsina acida ha evidenziato un'occlusione dei vasi dello xilema, probabilmente dovuta alle cellule batteriche. I batteri Acinetobacter, Pantoea e Bacillus sono risultati coinvolti nella rottura del fusto, una volta che le loro popolazioni raggiungevano 10E5 cfu gE-1 di tessuto del fusto.]
\Maladie des feuilles cassantes\ or brittle leaf disease of date palms in Tunisia: Biotic or abiotic disease?
“Brittle leaf disease of date palms”, known in southern Tunisia since the 1960s, has assumed epidemic proportions from 1986 on. The symptoms are associated with manganese deficiency and the presence of a small double stranded RNA of host origin. Even though no pathogen has yet been found, some observations do not fit a purely abiotic cause of the disease. In particular, affected trees seem to cluster into foci, and mineral analyses show no significant differences between the soils of affected and unaffected trees. Further work is required to understand the etiology of the disease.
Does benzothiadiazole-induced resistance increase fitness cost in bean? Phaseolus vulgaris L.
The fitness cost of benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced resistance in bean has been investigated both in terms of seed quality and production and by examining some physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis and ethylene induction and emission. Although BTH treatment induced l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene transcription, no ethylene emission was detected, unless leaves were detached, thus stimulating senescence. Efficiency of photosystem II was not affected by BTH treatment, nor was seed quality, the electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins extracted from BTH-treated and untreated plant being very similar. Only seed production was slightly lower in BTH-treated plants, due to the lower number of pods per plant; however, this difference was not significant. All these data, taken together, indicate that BTH-induced resistance in bean does not incur appreciable fitness costs. Moreover, ACC oxidase gene expression, without ethylene emission, suggests a sort of \"ethylene priming\" induced by BTH. Thus, BTH and ethylene signalling pathways seem to act synergistically in the establishment of systemic acquired resistance [Il costo delle buone condizioni fisiologiche relativo alla resistenza indotta dal benzotiadiazolo (BTH) nel fagiolo e' stato studiato sia in termini di qualita' e produzione dei semi, sia con riferimento ad alcuni parametri fisiologici, come la fotosintesi e l'induzione ed emissione di etilene. Sebbene il trattamento con BTH inducesse la trascrizione del gene dell'1-aminociclopropano-1-carbossilato (ACC) ossidasi, non e' stata riscontrata alcuna emissione di etilene, a meno che le foglie non venissero staccate, stimolando in tal modo la senescenza. L'efficienza del fotosistema II non era influenzata dal trattamento con BTH, ne' era influenzata la qualita' dei semi, dato che i tracciati elettroforetici delle proteine dei semi estratte dalle piante trattate e non trattate con BTH risultavano molto simili. Solamente la produzione di semi era leggermente inferiore nelle piante trattate con BTH, per il minor numero di legumi per pianta; tuttavia, questa differenza non era significativa. Tutti questi dati, considerati nel loro complesso, stanno a indicare che la resistenza indotta da BTH nel fagiolo non determina costi connessi alle buone condizioni fisiologiche. Inoltre, l'espressione del gene dell'ACC ossidasi, senza emissione di etilene, fa pensare a una specie di \"innesco dell'etilene\" indotto da BTH. Cosi', i percorsi di espressione del BTH e dell'etilene sembrano agire sinergicamente nell'instaurazione della resistenza sistemica acquisita]
Detection of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine flavescence dorée disease using real-time PCR Vitis vinifera L.; Italy
Flavescence dorée (FD) of grapevine is a serious disease caused by phytoplasmas. Currently available protocols for phytoplasma detection in grapevine are complex and time consuming. This work reports the results of a real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay for detecting phytoplasmas in grapevines affected by FD. We obtained specific detection in samples from seven FD-affected grapevines. This method gave no signal with phytoplasmas associated with another grapevine disease (bois noir) or with eleven reference phytoplasma strains grown in periwinkle. We propose RT-PCR as an alternative and rapid method for the detection of phytoplasmas in grapevine [La flavescenza dorata (FD) della vite è una grave malattia causata dai fitoplasmi. I protocolli attualmente disponibili per la diagnosi dei fitoplasmi nella vite sono complessi e richiedono tempo. Questo lavoro riporta i risultati di una metodica di analisi PCR in tempo reale (RT-PCR) per identificare i fitoplasmi in piante di vite affette da FD. Abbiamo ottenuto un'identificazione specifica in campioni di viti affette da FD. Questo metodo non forniva risposta con i fitoplasmi associati a un'altra malattia della vite (legno nero) e con undici ceppi di riferimento di fitoplasmi sviluppati su pervinca. Proponiamo la RT-PCR come metodo alternativo e rapido per la diagnosi dei fitoplasmi nella vite]