Explore the vast range of titles available.

To examine the proportion of products offered by leading food brands in Canada that are 'unhealthy' according to Health Canada's (HC) nutrient profile model for proposed restrictions on food marketing to children (M2K-NPM). Nutritional information for products offered by top brands was sourced from the University of Toronto FLIP and Menu-FLIP 2020 databases, respectively. HC's M2K-NPM, which includes thresholds for Na, total sugars and saturated fat, was applied to products. Canada. Overall, 1385 products from top breakfast cereal ( 15 brands, 222 products), beverage ( 21 brands, 769 products) and yogurt ( 10 brands, 394 products) brands, and 3153 menu items from seventeen chain restaurants in Canada were assessed ( 60 unique brands overall). For 42 % of brands ( 21), 100 % of their products exceeded ≥1 nutrient threshold(s), with ≥50 % of the products offered by twenty-three brands (46 %) exceeding two thresholds. Specifically, one or more nutrient thresholds were exceeded by ≥50 % of the products offered by 14/15 breakfast cereal brands, 18/21 beverage brands, all ten yogurt brands and all seventeen restaurant brands. Notably, 100·0 % of the products offered by ten breakfast cereal, six beverage, two yogurt and three restaurant brands exceeded ≥1 threshold(s). Most products offered by top food brands in Canada exceeded HC's M2K-NPM thresholds. Nonetheless, these brands could still be marketed under the proposed regulations, which exclude brand marketing (i.e. promotions without an identifiable product) despite its contribution to marketing power. These findings reinforce the need for Canada and other countries to include brand marketing in M2K policies.

Alcohol is a major contributor to the Non-Communicable Disease burden in South Africa. In 2000, 7.1 % of all deaths and 7 % of total disability-adjusted life years were ascribed to alcohol-related harm in the country. Regulations proposed to restrict alcohol advertising in South Africa present an evidence-based upstream intervention. Research on policy formulation in low-and middle-income countries is limited. This study aims to describe and explore the policy formulation process of the 2013 draft Control of Marketing of Alcoholic Beverages Bill in South Africa between March 2011 and May 2017. Recognising the centrality of affected actors in policy-making processes, the study focused on the alcohol industry as a central actor affected by the policy, to understand how they—together with other actors—may influence the policy formulation process. A qualitative case study approach was used, involving a stakeholder mapping, 10 in-depth interviews, and review of approximately 240 documents. A policy formulation conceptual framework was successfully applied as a lens to describe a complex policy formulation process. Key factors shaping policy formulation included: (1) competing and shared values—different stakeholders promote conflicting ideals for policymaking; (2) inter-department jostling—different government departments seek to protect their own functions, hindering policy development; (3) stakeholder consultation in democratic policymaking—policy formulation requires consultations even with those opposed to regulation and (4) battle for evidence—evidence is used strategically byallparties toshapeperceptions and leverage positions. This research (1) contributes tobuilding anintegrated bodyofknowledge on policy formulation in low-and middle-income countries; (2) shows that achieving policy coherence across government departments poses a major challenge to achieving effective health policy formulation and (3) shows that networks of actors with commercial and financial interests use diverse strategies to influence policy formulation processes to avoid regulation. L’alcool est un facteur majeur dans le cadre du fardeau des maladies non transmissibles en Afrique du Sud. En l’an 2000, 7,1% de l’ensemble des décès et 7% du total des années de vie corrigées de l’incapacité étaient imputables aux dommages liés à l’alcoolisme dans le pays. Les réglementations proposées pour restreindre la publicité des boissons alcoolisées en Afrique du Sud présentent une intervention fondée sur des bases factuelles en amont. Il existe peu de recherches sur la formulation des politiques dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen. La présente étude vise à décrire et à explorer le processus de formulation des politiques du projet de loi de 2013 relatif au contrôle de la commercialisation des boissons alcoolisées en Afrique du Sud entre mars 2011 et mai 2017. Reconnaissant le rôle central des acteurs concernés par les processus d’élaboration des politiques, l’étude s’est intéressée au secteur des boissons alcoolisées en tant qu’acteur de premier plan affecté par la politique, afin de comprendre comment ceuxci peuvent, avec d’autres acteurs, influencer le processus de formulation de la politique. On s’est servi d’une approche d’étude de cas qualitative, impliquant une cartographie des parties prenantes, 10 entretiens approfondis et l’examen d’environ 240 documents. Un cadre conceptuel de formulation des politiques a été appliqué avec succès pour décrire la complexité du processus. Les facteurs clés qui ont influé sur la formulation de la politique sont notamment les suivants: 1) valeurs partagées et contradictoires: différentes parties prenantes promeuvent des idéaux contradictoires pour l’élaboration des politiques; 2) luttes intestines des départements ministériels - différents ministères cherchent à protéger leurs propres attributions, ce qui entrave l’élaboration des politiques; 3) consultation des parties prenantes dans l’élaboration de politiques démocratiques - la formulation des politiques nécessite des consultations même avec les personnes opposées à la réglementation et 4) bataille pour l’obtention de données probantes - celles-ci sont utilisées de manière stratégique par toutes les parties dans le but de modeler les perceptions et tirer parti de leurs positions. La présente étude 1) contribue à la constitution d’un corpus intégré de connaissances sur la formulation des politiques dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire; 2) montre que la cohérence des politiques entre les ministères pose un défi majeur pour une formulation efficace des politiques de santé et 3) montre que les réseaux d’acteurs ayant des intérêts commerciaux et financiers utilisent diverses stratégies pour influencer les processus de formulation des politiques afin de contourner la réglementation. 酒是导致南非慢性非传染性疾病负担的主要原因。 2007年, 该国7.1%的死亡和7%的总失能调整生命年是由酒精 相关的伤害所致。南非限制酒精广告的法规是建立在证据基 础上的上游干预。目前少有关于中低收入国家政策制定的研 究。本研究旨在描述和探讨2011年3月至2017年5月南非酒精 饮料营销控制法案2013年草案的政策制定过程。考虑到受影 响的行动者在决策过程中的核心作用, 本研究关注酒精产业, 该产业是受政策影响的核心行动者, 了解酒精产业如何与其他 行动者共同影响政策制定过程。本研究采用定性个案研究方 法, 包括梳理利益相关者, 10次深度访谈, 回顾约240份文件。 使用政策制定概念框架来描述复杂的政策制定过程。影响政 策制定的关键因素包括： （1 ）竞争价值和共同价值, 不同的 利益相关者对决策的期望不尽相同； （2） 部门间推诿, 不同 的政府部门试图保护各自的利益, 阻碍政策形成； （3） 在民 主的决策过程中咨询利益相关者, 政策制定需要征询即使是反 对者的意见； （4） 争夺证据, 各方都有策略地使用证据来左 右人们的认知, 形成优势地位。本研究： （1） 有助于形成中 低收入国家政策制定的完整知识体系； （2） 显示政府部门间 实现政策连续性是有效制定卫生政策的主要挑战； （3） 显示 在商业和经济利益驱动下, 各行动者采取多种策略, 影响政策 制定过程, 从而规避监管。 El alcohol es uno de los mayores contribuyentes a la carga de las enfermedades no transmisibles en Suráfrica. En el 2000 7.1% de los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad fueron atribuidos a los daños relacionados con el alcohol en el país. Las regulaciones propuestas para restringir la publicidad en Suráfrica presentan una intervención contracorriente basada en la evidencia. La investigación de la formulación de política en países de ingresos bajos y medios es limitada. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir y explorar el proceso de formulación de políticas de la propuesta de ley del 2013 sobre el Control de la Publicidad de las Bebidas Alcohólicas en Suráfrica entre marzo de 2011 y mayo de 2017. Reconociendo la centralidad de los actores afectados en los procesos de formulación de política, el estudio se enfoca en la industria del alcohol como el actor central afectado por la política, para entender como ellos—junto con otros actores—pueden influenciar el proceso de formulación de políticas. Un estudio de caso cualitativo fue llevado a cabo, utilizando un mapeo de partes interesadas, 10 entrevistas en profundidad y la revisión de aproximadamente 240 documentos. Un marco conceptual de la formulación de políticas fue aplicado exitosamente como un lente para describir el proceso complejo de formulación. Los factores claves que dan forma a la formulación de políticas incluyeron: (1) valores rivales y compartidos—diferentes partes interesadas promueven ideales opuestos para la formulación de políticas; (2) tensiones entre departamentos—diferentes departamentos gubernamentales tratan de proteger sus propias funciones, entorpeciendo el desarrollo de políticas; (3) la consultación de las partes interesadas en la formulación democrática de políticas—la formulación de políticas requiere consultas mismo con aquellos que se oponen a la regulación y (4) la batalla por la evidencia—la evidencia es usada estratégicamente por todas las partes para dar forma a las percepciones e influenciar las posiciones. Esta investigación (1) contribuye a la creación de evidencia integrada sobre la formulación de políticas en países de ingresos bajos y medios; (2) muestra que lograr la coherencia de políticas entre departamentos gubernamentales crea desafíos en la formulación efectiva de políticas de salud y (3) muestra que las redes de actores con intereses comerciales y financieros usa estrategias diversas para influenciar la formulación de políticas para evadir la regulación.

This article introduces a new data enrichment method that combines revealed data on consumer demand and competitive reactions with stated data on competitive reactions to yet-to-be-enacted, unprecedented marketing policy changes. The authors extend the data enrichment literature to include stated competitive reactions, collected from subject-matter experts through a conjoint experiment. The authors apply their method to investigate hypothetical and unprecedented sales force policy changes of pharmaceutical companies. The results from the data enrichment method have high face validity and lead to various unique insights compared with using revealed data only. The authors find that only a very large sales force decrease initiated by the market leader triggers all competitors to decrease their sales force as well, leading to substantial profit increases for each firm. With respect to sales force allocation, when competitors decrease their sales force, they mainly decrease the reach of detailing across doctors, rather than decreasing the number of details to the most-visited doctors. The proposed data enrichment method provides managers with a powerful tool to, ex ante, predict the consequences of unprecedented marketing policy changes.

\"Is chocolate heart-healthy? Does yogurt prevent type 2 diabetes? Do pomegranates help cheat death? News accounts bombard us with such ... claims, report them as science, and influence what we eat ... Marion Nestle [believes that] these studies are more about marketing than science: they are often paid for by companies that sell those foods\"-- Provided by publisher.

Adolescents represent a key audience for food advertisers, however there is little evidence of adolescent exposure to food marketing in Canada. This study examined trends in Canadian adolescents’ exposure to food advertising on television. To do so, data on 19 food categories were licensed from Nielsen Media Research for May 2011, 2013, and 2016 for the broadcasting market of Toronto, Canada. The average number of advertisements viewed by adolescents aged 12–17 years on 31 television stations during the month of May each year was estimated using television ratings data. Findings revealed that between May 2011 and May 2016, the total number of food advertisements aired on all television stations increased by 4%, while adolescents’ average exposure to food advertising decreased by 31%, going from 221 ads in May 2011 to 154 in May 2016. In May 2016, the advertising of fast food and sugary drinks dominated, relative to other categories, accounting for 42% and 11% of all exposures, respectively. The findings demonstrate a declining trend in exposure to television food advertising among Canadian adolescents, which may be due to shifts in media consumption. These data may serve as a benchmark for monitoring and evaluating future food marketing policies in Canada.

This book introduces students to the growing research field of health economics. Rather than offer details about health systems without providing a theoretical context, Health Economics combines economic concepts with empirical evidence to enhance readers' economic understanding of how health care institutions and markets function. The theoretical and empirical approaches draw heavily on the general field of applied microeconomics, but the text moves from the individual and firm level to the market level to a macroeconomic view of the role of health and health care within the economy as a whole. The book takes a global perspective, with description and analysis of institutional features of health sectors in countries around the world. This second edition has been updated to include material on the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, material on the expansion of health insurance in Massachusetts, and an evaluation of Oregon's Medicaid expansion via lottery. The discussion of health care and health insurance in China has been substantially revised to reflect widespread changes there. Tables and figures have been updated with newly available data. Also new to this edition is a discussion of the health economics literature published between 2010 and 2015. The text includes readings, extensive references, review and discussion questions, and exercises. A student solutions manual offers solutions to selected exercises. Downloadable supplementary material is available for instructors. -- Provided by publisher.

Carbon markets and the digital economy are gaining popularity continuously. Under this context, corporate green innovation should be urgently guided, which is an important subject to be studied and solved with great urgency to achieve harmonious ecological and economic growth. In this study, the data of 836 Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2020 are selected, carbon market and digital transformation are integrated into a unified analysis framework, and the green innovation effect and mechanism of the two and their interaction terms are investigated, not showing consistency with the previous studies about the effect of carbon market or digital transformation on green innovation. The present study suggests that (i) both carbon market policy and digitalization level serve as vital factors in boosting green innovation among high-carbon companies, whereas the synthetic effect of carbon market policy and digital transformation inhibits corporate green innovation behavior. (ii) The influences exerted by carbon market policy, digital transformation, and the synthetic effect on green innovation are dependent on property rights, size, and industry of high-carbon companies. (iii) As revealed by the analysis of mediating effects, financing constraints are the main mechanism of action that leads to a negative correlation between the synthetic effect of the carbon market and digital transformation and green innovation. Besides, R&D investment and environmental information disclosure only affect the action mechanism about digital transformation and carbon market policy, whereas they do not affect the synthetic effect of carbon market and digital transformation. Therefore, to promote green innovation and green transformation of high carbon companies, the government needs to flexibly use market-based environmental regulation tools (e.g., carbon market), strengthen the influence exerted by digital technology in improving innovation quality, and flexibly formulate relevant policies in accordance with the heterogeneity of different objects.