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The fractal and chaos are bound tightly, and their relevant researches are well-established. Few of them, however, concentrate on the research of the possibility of combining fractal and chaotic systems for generating multi-scroll chaotic attractors. This paper presents a novel non-equilibrium point chaotic system, exhibiting extremely rich and complex hidden behaviors including chaos, hyper-chaos, multi-scroll attractors, extreme multi-stability, and initial offset-boosting behavior. The proposed system is combined with fractal transformation to observe a new class of multi-scroll attractors such as multi-ring attractors, separated-scroll attractors, and nested attractors. Particularly, the first swallow-like attractors are found. Moreover, another efficient method to generate a different class of chaotic attractors applies parabola transformation and triangle transformation. Additionally, the spectrum entropy (SE) complexity is also employed to discuss the complexity of the proposed system before and after fractal, resulting in chaotic sequences with the fractal transformation that has higher complexity. Finally, we develop a hardware platform to implement the presented attractors before and after fractal in a way to confirm the accuracy of the numerical simulations, providing a theoretical basis for the next application in image encryption.

In order to systematically verify the common functions of each peripheral of the chip, find out the problems in the process of chip design in time, and avoid mutual interference between the peripherals of the chip, it is very necessary to systematically verify the chip. The MCU involved in this verification scheme has three cores and several peripherals such as UART, SPI, USB, GMAC and DCMI. In this paper, the common functions of the peripherals of the MCU are verified systematically, and the verification methods of each peripheral are described in detail. The software of this scheme is layered and modular, and the verification system realized according to this scheme can be conveniently transplanted to different chips.

The important role of mitochondria in cancer biology is gaining momentum. With their regulation of cell survival, metabolism, basic cell building blocks, and immunity, among other functions, mitochondria affect not only cancer progression but also the response and resistance to current treatments. Calcium ions are constantly shuttled in and out of mitochondria; thus, playing an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) channel and its associated regulators transport calcium across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. Due to this central role and the capacity to affect cell behavior and fate, the MCU complex is being investigated in different cancers and cancer-related conditions. Here, we review current knowledge on the role of the MCU complex in multiple cancer types and models; we also provide a perspective for future research and clinical considerations.

Internet of things technology is a new technology recently developed, it also belongs to an area of information technology, and its appearance makes it means more perfect and mature. At present, industrial automation is the trend of the development of the present era, and the single chip microcomputer is the core of industrial automation. It is the core system of process control, process monitoring and Mechatronics integrated control of industrial automation. With the rapid development of single chip microcomputer, especially the hardware of MCU. These changes have brought great changes to the development language of SCM software. The development of SCM control system to intelligent control gradually improves the development efficiency of the system, and also ensures the quality of products. In order to explore the application effect of Internet of things technology in the TMACS(temperature measurement and control system) design and development of single chip microcomputer, we choose h and G factories as experimental research objects, among which h factory applies Internet of things technology in its single chip microcomputer working system, and factory g still adopts conventional methods. From the experimental results, we can see that the accuracy of H plant is up to 95%, while the highest accuracy rate of plant G is only 75%, which is 20% lower than that of H plant.

Calcium uptake by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter coordinates cytosolic signaling events with mitochondrial bioenergetics. During the past decade all protein components of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter have been identified, including MCU, the pore-forming subunit. However, the specific lipid requirements, if any, for the function and formation of this channel complex are currently not known. Here we utilize yeast, which lacks the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, as a model system to address this problem. We use heterologous expression to functionally reconstitute human uniporter machinery both in wild-type yeast as well as in mutants defective in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, or cardiolipin (CL). We uncover a specific requirement of CL for in vivo reconstituted MCU stability and activity. The CL requirement of MCU is evolutionarily conserved with loss of CL triggering rapid turnover of MCU homologs and impaired calcium transport. Furthermore, we observe reduced abundance and activity of endogenous MCU in mammalian cellular models of Barth syndrome, which is characterized by a partial loss of CL. MCU abundance is also decreased in the cardiac tissue of Barth syndrome patients. Our work raises the hypothesis that impaired mitochondrial calcium transport contributes to the pathogenesis of Barth syndrome, and more generally, showcases the utility of yeast phospholipid mutants in dissecting the phospholipid requirements of ion channel complexes.

This paper introduces a novel approach for rapidly balancing lithium-ion batteries using a single DC–DC converter, enabling direct energy transfer between high- and low-voltage cells. Utilizing relays for cell pair selection ensures cost-effectiveness in the switch network. The control system integrates a battery-monitoring IC and an MCU to oversee cell voltage and ensure battery protection. A prototype circuit with twelve lithium-ion batteries demonstrates the method’s efficacy, achieving a remarkable balancing time of 48 min during charging with a maximum efficiency of 89.85%. Comparative analysis with other methods underscores the superior performance of the proposed balancing circuit in terms of balancing time and implementation cost. Furthermore, this paper delves into hardware aspects of battery management systems (BMSs) for electric vehicles and stationary applications. It offers an overview of prevailing concepts in state-of-the-art systems, aiding readers in assessing considerations essential for BMS design in various applications. The discussion includes examples of battery packs sourced from commercially available electric vehicles. Subsequently, the manuscript addresses implementation aspects concerning the measurement of critical physical variables such as voltage, current, and temperature, alongside balancing strategies.

Already in the early 1960s, researchers noted the potential of mitochondria to take up large amounts of Ca2+. However, the physiological role and the molecular identity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake mechanisms remained elusive for a long time. The identification of the individual components of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane in 2011 started a new era of research on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Today, many studies investigate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake with a strong focus on function, regulation, and localization of the MCUC. However, on its way into mitochondria Ca2+ has to pass two membranes, and the first barrier before even reaching the MCUC is the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). The common opinion is that the OMM is freely permeable to Ca2+. This idea is supported by the presence of a high density of voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) in the OMM, forming large Ca2+ permeable pores. However, several reports challenge this idea and describe VDAC as a regulated Ca2+ channel. In line with this idea is the notion that its Ca2+ selectivity depends on the open state of the channel, and its gating behavior can be modified by interaction with partner proteins, metabolites, or small synthetic molecules. Furthermore, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is controlled by the localization of VDAC through scaffolding proteins, which anchor VDAC to ER/SR calcium release channels. This review will discuss the possibility that VDAC serves as a physiological regulator of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in the OMM.

Current evidence indicates that coronary microcirculation is a key target for protecting against cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex activation and mitochondrial calcium ([Ca2+]m) overload are underlying mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease. Histidine triad nucleotide-binding 2 (HINT2) has been reported to modulate [Ca2+]m via the MCU complex, and our previous work demonstrated that HINT2 improved cardiomyocyte survival and preserved heart function in mice with cardiac ischemia. This study aimed to explore the benefits of HINT2 on cardiac microcirculation in I/R injury with a focus on mitochondria, the MCU complex, and [Ca2+]m overload in endothelial cells. The present work demonstrated that HINT2 overexpression significantly reduced the no-reflow area and improved microvascular perfusion in I/R-injured mouse hearts, potentially by promoting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and phosphorylation. Microvascular barrier function was compromised by reperfusion injury, but was repaired by HINT2 overexpression via inhibiting VE-Cadherin phosphorylation at Tyr731 and enhancing the VE-Cadherin/β-Catenin interaction. In addition, HINT2 overexpression inhibited the inflammatory response by suppressing vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Mitochondrial fission occurred in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury and resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis, the effects of which were largely relieved by HINT2 overexpression. Additional experiments confirmed that [Ca2+]m overload was an initiating factor for mitochondrial fission and that HINT2 suppressed [Ca2+]m overload via modulation of the MCU complex through directly interacting with MCU in CMECs. Regaining [Ca2+]m overload by spermine, an MCU agonist, abolished all the protective effects of HINT2 on OGD/R-injured CMECs and I/R-injured cardiac microcirculation. In conclusion, the present report demonstrated that HINT2 overexpression inhibited MCU complex-mitochondrial calcium overload-mitochondrial fission and apoptosis pathway, and thereby attenuated cardiac microvascular ischemia–reperfusion injury.

In this paper, a detailed review of microcontroller unit (MCU)-based wireless sensor node platforms from recently published research articles is presented. Despite numerous research efforts in the fast-growing field of wireless sensor devices, energy consumption remains a challenge that limits the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology utilizes WSNs for providing an efficient sensing and communication infrastructure. Thus, a comparison of the existing wireless sensor nodes is crucial. Of particular interest are the advances in the recent MCU-based wireless sensor node platforms, which have become diverse and fairly advanced in relation to the currently available commercial WSN platforms. The recent wireless sensor nodes are compared with commercially available motes. The commercially available motes are selected based on a number of criteria including popularity, published results, interesting characteristics and features. Of particular interest is to understand the trajectory of development of these devices and the technologies so as to inform the research and application directions. The comparison is mainly based on processing and memory specifications, communication capabilities, power supply and consumption, sensor support, potential applications, node programming and hardware security. This paper attempts to provide a clear picture of the progress being made towards the design of autonomous wireless sensor nodes to avoid redundancy in research by industry and academia. This paper is expected to assist developers of wireless sensor nodes to produce improved designs that outperform the existing motes. Besides, this paper will guide researchers and potential users to easily make the best choice of a mote that best suits their specific application scenarios. A discussion on the wireless sensor node platforms is provided, and challenges and future research directions are also outlined.