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New horizons are opening for Africa, with a growing number of Chinese andIndian businesses fostering its integration into advanced markets. However,significant imbalances will have to be addressed on both sides of the equation to support long-term growth.

There is a close relationship between natural resources and production in many sectors, and production and consumption can also have an environmental impact. Low environmental quality affects economic growth and well-being. Environmental protection and economic growth cannot be maximized simultaneously. Choosing the right balance between the two aims is imperative for each country. By moderating the role of merchandise trade and manufacturing value-added from 1970 to 2016, we examine the dynamics of China’s natural resource rents, environmental sustainability, and sustainable economic growth. Overall, the results of this study indicate that natural resources improve environmental sustainability at the expense of economic growth. In contrast, financial development, merchandise trade, and urban population growth promote environmental degradation. It is vital to understand governance mechanisms to sustain natural resource policies, considering environmental, social, and governance concerns to benefit society.

As the world marketplace becomes ever more globalized, much is at stake for the prosperity of hundreds of millions of people in Europe and Central Asia as the region’s transition process continues through its second decade. Understanding the underlying dynamics shaping the contours and most salient impacts of international integration that have emerged—and likely to emerge prospectively—in the region is thus a crucial challenge for the medium term economic development agenda, not only for policymakers in the countries on themselves, but also for their trading partners, the international financial institutions, the donor community and the future of the world trading system as a whole. This book addresses this challenge.

This study aims to analyze the expected impacts of Saudi Arabia’s accession to the BRICS bloc, which is intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. By analyzing the intra-trade flows of Saudi Arabia with the BRICS countries from the implementation of the bloc until 2023 and measuring the impact of Saudi exports and imports with BRICS on the balance of merchandise trade, and to discuss the extent of the impact of the net intra-trade situation of Saudi Arabia with BRICS on the balance of merchandise trade. The most prominent Saudi export sectors were diagnosed, and their corresponding customs tariff averages in the BRICS countries were analyzed to determine the expected effects of implementing a regional trade agreement (RTA) between the BRICS bloc. The study is based on the ARDL model and Saudi data from (2003-2022), using three models by applying on exports, imports, and trade balance of Saudi Arabia, the findings suggests that there is no significant relationship between Saudi Arabia’s trade balance on the one hand, and exports, imports and the trade balance with BRICS on the other hand, which reduces the impact of Saudi Arabia’s accession to BRICS on Saudi exports. which requires further negotiation of mutual obligations and potential gains between the member states of BRICS.

The article considers the dynamics of international merchandise trade of Latvia and Ukraine (volumes of export and import of goods) in 2005–2020 with the use of UN Comtrade Database. The volumes of export and import of Latvia’s main international trading partners are given, the shares of partner countries in trade flows in 2021 are calculated. It is determined that Lithuania occupies a leading position among Latvia’s partner countries in export and import of goods. Data on international trade between Latvia and Ukraine, namely export and import of goods in 1994–2021, are presented. It is determined that international trade between Latvia and Ukraine has a steady development trend. The main goods exported from Latvia to Ukraine in 2021 are presented, their shares in the total volume of relevant international trade flows are calculated. The main goods imported to Latvia from Ukraine in 2021 are determined, their share in the total volume of import is calculated. Services are not included in any of the statistics presented here.

This study aims to explore the relationship between macroeconomic factors and the decision to file an anti-dumping (AD) initiation, focusing on the post-WTO period from 1995 to 2022 for both reporting and targeted countries. We analyze the 20 most frequent users of the AD mechanism and the 20 most frequently targeted countries through econometric analysis to determine how gross domestic product (GDP) volume, GDP growth rate, and merchandise trade balance (MTB) influence the frequency of AD initiations. Our findings indicate that at least half of the sampled countries exhibit a significant correlation between AD filings and at least one of the macroeconomic variables examined. In many cases, GDP volume and MTB not only affect a country's decision to initiate an AD investigation but also influence how often it becomes a target of such measures. Although the results are fragmented across different economies, they highlight the role of the macroeconomic environment in shaping the decision to resort to AD mechanisms. By adopting a dual perspective, considering both reporting and targeted countries, and incorporating MTB as a key variable, this research extends beyond previous studies to provide deeper insights into the macroeconomic determinants of AD measures. These findings suggest that macroeconomic conditions play a crucial role in shaping trade defense policies, highlighting the need for policymakers to consider broader economic trends when formulating AD regulations.

The main focuses of the Sino–US trade dispute are the issue of trade interests. If taking environmental costs into consideration, the trade interests are even more overestimated. There are different methods for measuring trade interests, and the results obtained under different methods differ. This paper uses the gross trade, value-added trade and value-added-in trade framework to calculate the economic gains and correspondent embodied pollution in China–US trade, compares the differences in results under different models and makes possible explanations. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Traditional gross trade statistics have overestimated China’s economic benefits. The trade balance in gross trade was overestimated by 35% and 40% compared to the value-added trade and value-added-in trade. (2) China was a net exporter of embodied pollution and paid huge environmental costs from 1995 to 2011. (3) China’s exports are environmentally worse than the United States, and the calculation of pollution terms of trade proves that China paid a greater environmental cost for the same amount of economic benefits. (4) Different accounting frameworks have a great impact on the embodied pollution results at the industry level. Pollution based on value-added trade was more concentrated. The major polluting industries also changed.

A country product network data is a format commonly used in international trade that analyses historical trades to create future projections. A country's economic value can be improved by investigating international trade policies and economic trends by applying a reliable Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique. The state-of-art techniques prove the efficiency of machine learning and deep learning architecture in making a trading decision. A Multi-Objective Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (MOAOA) optimized SA-KELM classifier is presented in this paper to enhance an investor's profit by accurately predicting the future patterns of international trade. The main novelty of this paper lies in the usage of the MOAOA-optimized SA-KELM classifier to model the complex and nonstationary financial data and handle the multiobjective issues associated with international trade prediction to improve the accuracy of the prediction results. The SA-KELM model can process structured trade data to differentiate the Most Favored Nation (MFN), Bound Tariff (BND), and preferential tariff associated with structured trade data. Imputation, neutralization, and standardization are the three preprocessing processes first used to process the influential data aspects in the trading market data. These steps eliminate the influential factors of international trade data and thereby increase the trade prediction performance of the model. The trade trend movements are analyzed by using a simple moving average (SMA), a technical indicator that helps to determine individual economies for a specific time period. The trading market data utilized for evaluating the trade prediction model are acquired from Trade in Services data by mode of supply (TISMOS) and Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTiS). The prediction performance of the SA-KELM framework is enhanced by optimizing the Self-Adaptive Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (SA-KELM) parameters namely weight factors, penalty parameter, and multi-scale kernel widths using the multi-objective arithmetic optimization algorithm (MOAOA). When compared to other techniques, the proposed MOAOA-optimized SA-KELM classifier has a low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) rate of 4.5%, resulting in improved performance and a higher prediction area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 95.76%.

Objective: This article aims to examine whether the exports of information and communication technology (ICT) services are complementary to trade in ICT goods and overall merchandise exports. Research Design & Methods: We used panel regression models (log-log specification, Driscoll-Kraay robust standard errors accounting for cross-sectional dependence, heteroscedasticity, and serial correlation) to explore how the ICT service exports depend on trade in ICT goods (both exports and imports) and total merchandises exports. The research sample covered data for 37 developed economies over the 1998-2017 period. Findings: The results show that both the exports and the imports of ICT goods are complementary to the exports of ICT services. We also identified complementarity between total merchandise exports and ICT service exports. Moreover, global demand for services and broadband digital connectivity have been proven to be significant determinants of ICT service exports. Implications & Recommendations: The detected dependencies imply that in the digital era, export-promoting policies should not treat trade in goods and trade in ICT services separately. Moreover, policymakers should consider factors such as broadband digital connectivity and world demand as important drivers of ICT service exports. Contribution & Value Added: This study provides new evidence on determinants of one of the most rapidly growing export categories, i.e. the exports of ICT services. We identified three sources of potential complementarities arising in the digital era between trade in goods and services. Moreover, while most researchers examined the role of traditional internet, we tested our models for broadband connectivity as a determinant of ICT service exports.

Cilj ovog rada je empirijski provjeriti različite teorije međunarodne trgovine na primjeru međunarodne robne trgovine Republike Hrvatske. Na temeljima različitih teorijskih postavki definiran je analitički okvir kroz koji se vrednuje valjanost pojedinih teorija međunarodne trgovine u objašnjavanju obrazaca trgovine Republike Hrvatske. Razmatra se utjecaj geografske udaljenosti glavnih gradova, broj stanovnika starijih od 15 godina, ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj, razina bruto domaćeg proizvoda, obilnost faktora proizvodnje te indeks financijske razvijenosti na robni izvoz i uvoz Republike Hrvatske. Na temelju broja potencijalnih nezavisnih varijabli i veličine uzorka istraživanja u ovom radu Bayesov model uprosječivanja nameće se kao primjeren empirijski pristup. Na uzorku podataka o međunarodnoj robnoj trgovini Republike Hrvatske s 26 zemalja partnerica u 2019. godini, empirijski rezultati su pokazali da su geografska udaljenost glavnih gradova i broj stanovnika starijih od 15 godina u zemlji partnerici glavne odrednice robnog uvoza i robnog izvoza Republike Hrvatske. Transportni troškovi su teorijski konzistentno značajna odrednica izvoza i uvoza Republike Hrvatske. Broj stanovnika starijih od 15 godina može se protumačiti dvojako. U zemlji partnerici kao odrednica robnog izvoza Republike Hrvatske predstavlja veličinu tržišta dok kao odrednica robnog uvoza Republike Hrvatske predstavlja raspoloživost radne snage u zemlji partnerici. Daljnja empirijska istraživanja mogu se usmjeriti na eksplicitnu provjeru ekonomije obujma kao odrednice međunarodne robne trgovine Republike Hrvatske.