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"MITIGATION EFFECT"
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Quantitative Assessment Model for the Effects of Drought Mitigation on Regional Agriculture Based on an Expectation Index of Drought Mitigation Effects
The extent of water deficit and drought loss mitigation, through human activities such as defense, mitigation, and resistance to drought risk, is revealed by its effects on agriculture. To analyze the distribution regularities of the effects of drought mitigation on agriculture and to provide better insight on drought mitigation actions, an expectation index of drought mitigation effects (EDRE) was formulated based on the definitions of the drought system. The crop yield when no drought mitigation measures were implemented was calculated via tests and simulations, and expectations of drought-related yield loss with and without drought mitigation measures (EDRL and EDRM, respectively) were calculated in the drought loss risk assessment model. Then, a quantitative assessment model for the effects of drought mitigation on regional agriculture was built. Using a case study from the Huaibei Plain in the Anhui Province of China, it was found that drought mitigation effects decrease gradually from North to South. Moreover, small values of drought mitigation effects correspond to large EDRM and small EDRL values. It is necessary to urgently improve drought mitigation measures in locations where EDRE is small and EDRL is large, or where EDRE is small and EDRM is large. The main drought mitigation measures were identified through correlation analysis. Additionally, the adaptation of drought mitigation measures to local conditions leads to a spatial distribution regularity.
Journal Article
A landscape connectivity approach to mitigating the urban heat island effect
ContextUrban integration has exacerbated the spreading of urban heat islands (UHIs) across cities. Blue/green landscapes embedded within urban areas, behaving as cool islands (CIs), have been highly focused due to their efficient cooling effects.ObjectivesPrevious studies on the cooling effect of blue/green landscapes are mainly focused on isolated patches of CIs, which cannot provide a stable cooling service compared to connected ones. Thus, based on the ‘source-corridor-network’ paradigm, a new approach to mitigating cross-regional UHI effects was proposed through improving the connectivity of CIs.MethodsTaking Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area (GFMA), one of the most densely settled regions in China, as the case study context, the localized contour tree method, minimum cumulative resistance model, and complex networks were integrated to identify and evaluate the source areas and connecting corridors of the cooling network.Results35 cooling sources and 78 CI connecting corridors were identified across the GFMA. CIs within built-up areas such as parks had higher cooling intensity acting to hinder UHI from spreading while CIs in mountainous areas offer larger cooling coverage. The CI connecting corridors in northeast GFMA were dense and short while those at the junction of the two cities were sparse and long, which should be highly focused. The cooling network was composed of the hierarchically constructed CI source areas and corridors, which provided impetus and stability for mitigating UHI effect respectively.ConclusionsThe landscape connectivity approach proposed in this study can serve as a cooling network strategy in metropolitan areas, revealing important policy implications for cities with potential cross-regional UHI threat.
Journal Article
Biochar mitigates the adverse effects of antimony on methanogenic activity: role as methane production-enhancer
Antimony, extensively used in energy applications, poses toxicity and contamination concerns, especially in anaerobic environments where its impact on microbial activity is poorly understood. Emerging remedies, like biochar, show promise in soil and water treatment. This study investigates biochar's influence on methanogenic activity under Sb(V) and Sb(III) stress using anaerobic sludge as inoculum and lactate as the carbon source. Sb(III) and Sb(V) were introduced at varied concentrations (5–80 mg/L), with or without biochar, monitoring changes in biogas production, pH, Sb, and lactate levels over time. Experiments with Sb(V) also involved calculating mass balance and electron distribution. Results showcased the following significant enhancements: biochar notably improved COD removal and biogas production in Sb(III) spiked conditions, up to 5-fold and 2-fold increases, respectively. Sb(III) removal reached up to 99% with biochar, while in high Sb(V) concentrations, biochar reduced the adverse effect on biogas production by 96%. Adsorption capacities favored biomass (60.96 mg Sb(III)/gVSS, and 22.4 mg Sb(V)/gVSS) over biochar (3.33 mg Sb(III)/g, and 1.61 mg Sb(V)/g) for both Sb species. This study underscores biochar's potential to mitigate metalloid impact on methanogenic activity while aiding Sb removal from liquid phase, suggesting promising implications for remediation and methane production enhancement strategies.
Journal Article
Field Crop Responses and Management Strategies to Mitigate Soil Salinity in Modern Agriculture: A Review
The productivity of cereal crops under salt stress limits sustainable food production and food security. Barley followed by sorghum better adapts to salinity stress, while wheat and maize are moderately adapted. However, rice is a salt-sensitive crop, and its growth and grain yield are significantly impacted by salinity stress. High soil salinity can reduce water uptake, create osmotic stress in plants and, consequently, oxidative stress. Crops have evolved different tolerance mechanisms, particularly cereals, to mitigate the stressful conditions, i.e., effluxing excessive sodium (Na+) or compartmentalizing Na+ to vacuoles. Likewise, plants activate an antioxidant defense system to detoxify apoplastic cell wall acidification and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Understanding the response of field crops to salinity stress, including their resistance mechanisms, can help breed adapted varieties with high productivity under unfavourable environmental factors. In contrast, the primary stages of seed germination are more critical to osmotic stress than the vegetative stages. However, salinity stress at the reproductive stage can also decrease crop productivity. Biotechnology approaches are being used to accelerate the development of salt-adapted crops. In addition, hormones and osmolytes application can mitigate the toxicity impact of salts in cereal crops. Therefore, we review the salinity on cereal crops physiology and production, the management strategies to cope with the harmful negative effect on cereal crops physiology and production of salt stress.
Journal Article
Oxford handbook of climate change and society
This is a systematic examination by the best writers in a variety of fields working on issues of how climate change affects society, and how social, economic, and political systems can, do, and should respond.
Book
Physiological Parameters and Transcriptomic Levels Reveal the Response Mechanism of Maize to Deep Sowing and the Mechanism of Exogenous MeJA to Alleviate Deep Sowing Stress
Deep sowing, as a method to mitigate drought and preserve soil moisture and seedlings, can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on seedling growth. The elongation of the hypocotyl plays an important role in the emergence of maize seeds from deep-sowing stress. This study was designed to explore the function of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the growth of the maize mesocotyl and to examine its regulatory network. The results showed that the addition of a 1.5 μ mol L−1 MeJA treatment significantly increased the mesocotyl length (MES), mesocotyl and coleoptile length (MESCOL), and seedling length (SDL) of maize seedlings. Transcriptome analysis showed that exogenous MeJA can alleviate maize deep-sowing stress, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly include ornithine decarboxylase, terpene synthase 7, ethylene responsive transcription factor 11, and so on. In addition, candidate genes that may regulate the length of maize hypocotyls were screened by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). These genes may be involved in the growth of maize hypocotyls through transcriptional regulation, histones, ubiquitin protease, protein binding, and chlorophyll biosynthesis and play an important role in maize deep-sowing tolerance. Our research findings may provide a theoretical basis for determining the tolerance of maize to deep-sowing stress and the mechanism of exogenous hormone regulation of deep-sowing stress.
Journal Article