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This study aims to empirically examine the influence of bank-specific determinants, macroeconomic factors, and governance factors on profitability in Iraq’s banking industry. In addition, bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants were included in the analysis. In terms of governance, the average of corruption control and rule of law was used. Different pre-estimation tests were used to check the properties of the data. The method of moment quantile regression was used as the baseline model. The PCSE and FGLS techniques were used for robustness checks. A sample of balanced panel data consisting of nine commercial banks listed on the Iraq stock exchange from 2012 to 2021 was selected. The results suggested that liquidity and total debt to total shareholders’ equity ratios have a significant positive relationship with ROA. Inflation and openness negatively impact bank profitability only at the 50th and 90th quantiles. Institutional governance appeared to be a positive and significant contributor to bank profitability. The findings suggest that a certain level of liquidity is required for a continuous increase in ROA. Moreover, institutional governance emerged as a noteworthy and positive factor influencing bank profitability.

Improving environmental quality is essential for achieving sustainable economic development when nations pursue growth. Although previous studies looked into different factors of sustainability, the precise effects of natural resource rents as well as renewable energy on CO2 emissions are yet to be studied in depth. This dissertation attempts to fill the gap by looking at the relationship between economic growth, natural resource rents, renewable energy, and the level of financial development with the environmental quality in eleven regions of emerged and developing economies over the time period of 1990 to 2022. The findings from the Pedroni cointegration analysis reveal a long-run association among financial development, renewable energy, natural resource rents, economic growth, and carbon emissions. Further analysis using the method of moments quantile regression (MMQREG) indicates that renewable energy and natural resource rents significantly reduce CO2 emissions, particularly at higher quantiles, enhancing environmental quality. Conversely, financial development exacerbates CO2 emissions, negatively affecting environmental sustainability. Economic growth demonstrates a nonsignificant negative relationship with carbon emissions. The study highlights the critical contributions of renewable energy and natural resource rents to improving environmental quality, while emphasizing the adverse environmental effects of financial development. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize investments in renewable energy and the effective management of natural resources to mitigate carbon emissions and achieve sustainability in these economies.

The catastrophe of air pollution is an alarming and pervasive global issue. It arises from the emission of harmful substances into the earth’s atmosphere, resulting in the contamination of the air that we breathe. This pollution primarily stems from human activities, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and energy production. This paper examines the links between green investment, digitalization, renewable energy, export, and economic growth for a total of 30 organization for economic co-operation and development economies over the period between 1990 and 2020 to empirically probe the magnitude and the effect of green investment, economic growth, digitalization, export, and renewable energy on PM 2.5 air pollution. We evaluated the panel for numerous diagnostic tests including a long-run co-integration link that is acknowledged among the variables under investigation. The superior econometric estimation method of moment quantiles regression validates that economic growth is inimical. At the same time, green investment, renewable energy, export, and digitalization illustrate heterogeneous effects on PM 2.5 air pollution. Based on the findings, it is found that excluding economic growth, the explanatory variables effectively reduce PM 2.5 air pollution in the organization for economic co-operation and development countries. Nonetheless, the extent of the green investment increases a proper inquiry which portrays a mitigating trend across the quantiles based on the outcomes, government, and policymakers should implement these policies and foster a holistic approach that combines green investment and digitalization, so that can significantly reduce PM 2.5 , protect public health, and promote sustainable economic growth. This approach not only addresses immediate environmental challenges but also positions our region as a leader in environmental stewardship and technological innovation. Graphical abstract Relationship between dependent and independent variables

The aim of the study was to find out impact of green finance on sustainability of Indian manufacturing companies. Using a method of moment quantile regression (MMQR) model and unique data set of 105 manufacturing companies covering the period of 2016–2023. We found that green finance influences sustainability levels from negative to positive across lower to higher quantiles, with values ranging from − 0.96 to 0.94, signifying its effectiveness in improving a company's sustainability. These findings provide practical insights for regulators, investors, and financial institutions to enhance the use of green finance, thereby facilitating the shift to sustainable business practices. This study emphasizes the transformational potential of green finance, contributing to the debate on sustainable development and providing a practical approach for incorporating environmental goals into business structures.