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As reducing firewood intensity per household and increasing the uptake of LPG is central to the energy policy agenda of Ghana, firewood collection, consumption practices and barriers to the uptake of modern fuels among rural households in Ghana were investigated. An interviewbased questionnaire was administered to 540 rural household heads in 32 communities in four different ecological zones. Whereas the ecological location of households was the most significant factor influencing daily firewood consumption per capita, the effect of household size on firewood consumption was ecological location dependent. The propensity for small households to adopt modern fuels such as LPG is greater than the larger ones. Females were found to collect firewood from sites farther away from their homestead suggesting that rural females are burdened when there is firewood scarcity and this could compromise their ability to engage in income generating activities. The heating values of the most firewood species used by households were in the range 14.79MJkg-1 - 18.75MJkg-1. Cost, accessibility, and safety were the major barriers to modern fuels uptake. Rural energy policy should thus respond to these barriers by enforcing regulations and improving supply and distribution networks of LPG.

Multifunctional fuel additive packages (MFAPs) are critical for the production of modern diesel fuels with improved performance and environmental characteristics. The most significant property of these packages is the cleaning ability determined in relation to fuel injectors, but this property does not determine the advantages of using MFAPs, which are most often formulated by fuel and additive manufacturers as the ability to increase, restore and maintain engine power at a high level. In this study, an instantaneous and reproducible increase in engine power of 3.9–4.4 % was recorded when switching to fuel with an additive, regardless of the composition of diesel fuel and diesel engine design, while the influence of each component of the multifunctional additive on the recorded effect was determined. An assumption was made about the mechanism of power increase associated with an increase in fuel combustion efficiency, and not the cleaning mechanism of the additive.

As reducing firewood intensity per household and increasing the uptake of LPG is central to the energy policy agenda of Ghana, firewood collection, consumption practices and barriers to the uptake of modern fuels among rural households in Ghana were investigated. An interview-based questionnaire was administered to 540 rural household heads in 32 communities in four different ecological zones. Whereas the ecological location of households was the most significant factor influencing daily firewood consumption per capita, the effect of household size on firewood consumption was ecological location dependent. The propensity for small households to adopt modern fuels such as LPG is greater than the larger ones. Females were found to collect firewood from sites farther away from their homestead suggesting that rural females are burdened when there is firewood scarcity and this could compromise their ability to engage in income generating activities. The heating values of the most firewood species used by households were in the range 14.79MJkg–1–18.75 MJkg–1. Cost, accessibility, and safety were the major barriers to modern fuels uptake. Rural energy policy should thus respond to these barriers by enforcing regulations and improving supply and distribution networks of LPG.

Nearly 41% of the global populace depends on unclean fuels for cooking. As a result, about 4 million premature deaths connected to household air pollution are registered annually. Worryingly, over 2.1 billion people are estimated to continue using unclean fuels by 2030 if no strong policy actions are taken to alter the status quo. Climate parameters including; temperature, solar radiation, wind, and moisture have been widely touted as having an impact on multidimensional energy poverty, their effect on household energy consumption and subsequent transition to cleaner fuels is seldom investigated in Uganda. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of climate shocks, and adaptation mechanisms on household energy transition in Uganda. The study adopted a panel data methodology employing an ordered logit model with random effects to estimate the effect of climate shocks and adaptation mechanisms on household fuel transition from high to low-pollutant cooking fuels in Uganda. The findings revealed that climate shocks, adaptation mechanisms significantly affect household energy transition in Uganda. The study recommended that policies aimed at enhancing detection and report of early warning signs should be emphasized. Furthermore, investing in an insurance scheme especially for people living in climate shock prone areas can help households to cope up with shocks are eventually transition to clean cooking fuels.

Half of humanity about 3 billion people are still relying on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Of that, about 2.5 billion people depend on traditional biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, agricultural waste, and animal dung), while about 400 million people use coal as their primary cooking and heating fuel (UNDP and WHO 2009). The majority of the population relying on solid fuels lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. In some countries in Central America and in East Asia and the Pacific, the use of solid fuels is also significant. The inefficient and unsustainable production and use of these fuels result in a significant public health hazard, as well as negative environmental impacts that keep people in poverty. Strategies to improve energy access to the poor have focused mainly on electricity access. They have often neglected non electricity household energy access. It is, however, estimated that about 2.8 billion people will still depend on fuel wood for cooking and heating in 2030 in a business-as-usual modus operandi (IEA 2010). The need for urgent interventions at the household level to provide alternative energy services to help improve livelihoods is becoming more and more accepted. This report's main objective is to conduct a review of the World Bank's financed operations and selected interventions by other institutions on household energy access in an attempt to examine success and failure factors to inform the new generation of upcoming interventions. First, the report provides a brief literature review to lay out the multidimensional challenge of an overwhelming reliance on solid fuels for cooking and heating. Second, it highlights how the Bank and selected governments and organizations have been dealing with this challenge. Third, it presents lessons learned to inform upcoming interventions. And finally, it indicates an outlook on the way forward.

There is global concern regarding access to energy, especially in developing countries, as set forth in the Sustainable Development Goals. Although Peru is classified as an emerging economy and would be expected to have achieved full energy coverage, the status of the access to fuels in Peru is unknown. The objective of this study was to comprehensively document the instruments and the progress made on the issue of access to modern fuels and technologies for cooking in Peru to explain the current situation and to highlight the main challenges that the country must face to achieve total access to modern energy sources. A comprehensive literature review was carried out for this work, covering a wide range of publications from 1983 to 2019. A total of 18 political and economic instruments and 95 voluntary instruments were analyzed. It made it possible to build a historical series of the main events leading to access to modern cooking fuels in Peru and to identify eight key challenges. The results show that the country has made remarkable progress in recent years, but this progress is not enough to close the access gap. Therefore, seems advisable to act on the current policy framework, formulate more inclusive policies, promote unified institutional efforts and generate technological options that respond to territory and population as diverse as Peru.

Despite fast electrification in India, many communities still suffer from the direct and indirect effects of energy poverty. We investigate whether access to liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and consumption expenditure can be used as measures of energy poverty in India, with a particular focus on gender equality. A district-level, quantitative analysis of household survey data was performed for the energy-poor states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Wellbeing and gender equality indices were constructed from contextually relevant indicators, whilst LPG access was considered in terms of physical access, affordability, and awareness. Levels of consumption expenditure were considered based on the updated urban poverty line for India. We found that LPG access and consumption expenditure do not have a significant relationship with wellbeing or gender equality. The result indicates that the traditional economic approach of using consumption expenditure cannot capture the multidimensionality of energy poverty. This has significant implications as it challenges the status quo of energy poverty measurement. The research also adds value to existing arguments that electricity access cannot be used as a sole indicator of energy poverty, by extending the argument to access to a modern cooking fuel. LPG access was, however, strongly associated with the education of women on the health effects of smoke. Consumption expenditure is also strongly associated with female property ownership, which calls for future research on this novel relationship.

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries. Nearly 80 percent of the nation's 140 million people reside in rural areas; of these, 20 percent live in extreme poverty. Geographically, many low-lying areas are vulnerable to severe flooding, while other regions are prone to drought, erosion, and soil salinity. Such an unfavorable agricultural landscape, combined with mismanagement of natural resources and increasing population pressure, is pushing many of the rural poor to the brink. Because Bangladesh is such a poor country, it also is one of the world's lowest energy producers. Total annual energy supply is only about 150 liters of oil equivalent per capita (International Energy Agency, or IEA 2003); in rural areas, conditions are even worse. Compared to other developing countries, Bangladesh uses little modern energy. Despite its successful rural electrification program, close to two-thirds of households remain without electricity and, with the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Moreover, biomass fuels are becoming increasingly scarce. Collected mainly from the local environment as recently as two decades ago, bio-fuels are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass continues to shrink. This study, the first to concentrate on Bangladesh's energy systems and their effects on the lives of rural people, drew on these background studies, as well as other World Bank-financed research on indoor air pollution (IAP) and rural infrastructure, to present a rural energy strategy for the country. Much of this study's analytical underpinning was based on several background studies. This study also reanalyzed data from earlier research to better understand the benefits of modern energy use for rural households, farm activities, and small businesses.

The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global technical assistance program that promotes the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth with redistribution. ESMAP undertakes analytical work and provides policy advice on sustainable energy development to governments and other institutions in developing countries and economies in transition. ESMAP was established in 1983 under the joint sponsorship of the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme as a partnership in response to global energycrises. Since its creation, ESMAP has operated in some 100 different countries through more than 500 activities covering a broad range of energy issues.

Despite the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region's impressive economic growth, over 1 billion of its people still lack access to electricity and modern cooking solutions. To achieve universal access to modern energy by 2030, this book exhorts EAP countries to advance simultaneously on two paths: (1) accelerate programs for grid and off-grid electricity through appropriate policies and innovative technologies; and (2) scale up access to clean cooking fuels and efficient cooking stoves, particularly for biomass in poor rural areas.