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result(s) for
"MOT"
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Fabrication, properties and applications of graphene-diamond hybrids
Graphene and diamond are two of the most popular carbon allotropes, each exhibiting a distinct array of remarkable properties. The synergistic integration of graphene, which is electrically conductive and mechanically flexible, with diamond, which is electrically insulative, mechanically hard, and highly thermally conductive, can spark fascinating performance in manifold engineering applications through the formation of graphene-diamond hybrids (GDHs). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art developments in GDHs, covering aspects from fabrication and fundamental properties to engineering applications. Two classes of GDHs, respectively integrated through van der Waals interaction (V-GDHs) and covalent interfacial C–C bonding (C-GDHs) are introduced, with structural configurations including graphene-on-diamond, diamond-on-graphene, and graphene-diamond composite forms. In this review, current GDH fabrication methods are discussed over their feasibility, GDH quality, controllability as well as energy consumption. The fundamental properties of GDHs encompassing interfacial adhesion, electrical, electron emission, wetting, electrochemical, thermal, optical, mechanical, and tribological fields are introduced. Afterwards, key applications of GDHs in electrical, thermal, electrochemical, mechanical, and biological fields are highlighted. Finally, future research directions such as GDH synthesis mechanism, doped GDHs, high-power electronics, high-performance tools, and other components/devices with extreme functionalities are summarized to promote further research for both scientific and engineering communities.
Journal Article
Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing and species identification for mixed samples
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem on a global scale. Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is urgently needed in the clinic to enable personalized prescriptions in high-resistance environments and to limit the use of broad-spectrum drugs. Current rapid phenotypic AST methods do not include species identification (ID), leaving time-consuming plating or culturing as the only available option when ID is needed to make the sensitivity call. Here we describe a method to perform phenotypic AST at the single-cell level in a microfluidic chip that allows subsequent genotyping by in situ FISH. By stratifying the phenotypic AST response on the species of individual cells, it is possible to determine the susceptibility profile for each species in a mixed sample in 2 h. In this proof-of-principle study, we demonstrate the operation with four antibiotics and mixed samples with combinations of seven species.
Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is needed. Here the authors report a method for phenotypic AST at the single cell level, using a microfluidic chip that allows for subsequent genotyping with in situ FISH; they apply this to a mixed sample of 7 species and 4 antibiotics.
Journal Article
A systematic survey on recent deep learning-based approaches to multi-object tracking
This survey covers an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art research on Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) from research articles published in 2019 or later in top-tier journals and conferences. We categorize existing MOT research into nine broad categories and discuss the workflow and limitations of each of these categories. Such a classification will enable readers to understand the research trend in different sub-domains of the MOT problem, as well as identify the research gaps. To the best of our knowledge, existing surveys on MOT do not put much emphasis on discussing the tracking step of MOT, which we have addressed here. Additionally, our survey highlights the progress made in MOT by employing recent Deep Learning models such as Transformers, Graph Neural Networks, etc., which also have not been covered in other surveys. It also discusses the challenges faced by the various trackers due to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Additionally, we elaborate on the available public datasets, benchmarks, and metrics employed to evaluate the performance of an MOT model and make comparative studies to enlist the important results reported in previous research studies for some popular MOT datasets. This survey will provide the readers with an extensive overview of the state-of-the-art MOT algorithms and their shortcomings, which will help them in designing and developing newer and better MOT algorithms.
Journal Article
Emergence of fractal geometries in the evolution of a metabolic enzyme
Fractals are patterns that are self-similar across multiple length-scales
1
. Macroscopic fractals are common in nature
2
–
4
; however, so far, molecular assembly into fractals is restricted to synthetic systems
5
–
12
. Here we report the discovery of a natural protein, citrate synthase from the cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus
, which self-assembles into Sierpiński triangles. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we reveal how the fractal assembles from a hexameric building block. Although different stimuli modulate the formation of fractal complexes and these complexes can regulate the enzymatic activity of citrate synthase in vitro, the fractal may not serve a physiological function in vivo. We use ancestral sequence reconstruction to retrace how the citrate synthase fractal evolved from non-fractal precursors, and the results suggest it may have emerged as a harmless evolutionary accident. Our findings expand the space of possible protein complexes and demonstrate that intricate and regulatable assemblies can evolve in a single substitution.
Citrate synthase from the cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus
is shown to self-assemble into Sierpiński triangles, a finding that opens up the possibility that other naturally occurring molecular-scale fractals exist.
Journal Article
Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution
For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ~1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model
Journal Article
Life and Words
In this powerful, compassionate work, one of anthropology's most distinguished ethnographers weaves together rich fieldwork with a compelling critical analysis in a book that will surely make a signal contribution to contemporary thinking about violence and how it affects everyday life. Veena Das examines case studies including the extreme violence of the Partition of India in 1947 and the massacre of Sikhs in 1984 after the assassination of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In a major departure from much anthropological inquiry, Das asks how this violence has entered \"the recesses of the ordinary\" instead of viewing it as an interruption of life to which we simply bear witness. Das engages with anthropological work on collective violence, rumor, sectarian conflict, new kinship, and state and bureaucracy as she embarks on a wide-ranging exploration of the relations among violence, gender, and subjectivity. Weaving anthropological and philosophical reflections on the ordinary into her analysis, Das points toward a new way of interpreting violence in societies and cultures around the globe. The book will be indispensable reading across disciplinary boundaries as we strive to better understand violence, especially as it is perpetrated against women.
eBook
Broad-scale phylogenomics provides insights into retrovirus–host evolution
Genomic data provide an excellent resource to improve understanding of retrovirus evolution and the complex relationships among viruses and their hosts. In conjunction with broad-scale in silico screening of vertebrate genomes, this resource offers an opportunity to complement data on the evolution and frequency of past retroviral spread and so evaluate future risks and limitations for horizontal transmission between different host species. Here, we develop a methodology for extracting phylogenetic signal from large endogenous retrovirus (ERV) datasets by collapsing information to facilitate broad-scale phylogenomics across a wide sample of hosts. Starting with nearly 90,000 ERVs from 60 vertebrate host genomes, we construct phylogenetic hypotheses and draw inferences regarding the designation, host distribution, origin, and transmission of the Gammaretrovirus genus and associated class I ERVs. Our results uncover remarkable depths in retroviral sequence diversity, supported within a phylogenetic context. This finding suggests that current infectious exogenous retrovirus diversity may be underestimated, adding credence to the possibility that many additional exogenous retroviruses may remain to be discovered in vertebrate taxa. We demonstrate a history of frequent horizontal interorder transmissions from a rodent reservoir and suggest that rats may have acted as important overlooked facilitators of gammaretrovirus spread across diverse mammalian hosts. Together, these results demonstrate the promise of the methodology used here to analyze large ERV datasets and improve understanding of retroviral evolution and diversity for utilization in wider applications.
Journal Article
New tools for automated high-resolution cryo-EM structure determination in RELION-3
Here, we describe the third major release of RELION. CPU-based vector acceleration has been added in addition to GPU support, which provides flexibility in use of resources and avoids memory limitations. Reference-free autopicking with Laplacian-of-Gaussian filtering and execution of jobs from python allows non-interactive processing during acquisition, including 2D-classification, de novo model generation and 3D-classification. Per-particle refinement of CTF parameters and correction of estimated beam tilt provides higher resolution reconstructions when particles are at different heights in the ice, and/or coma-free alignment has not been optimal. Ewald sphere curvature correction improves resolution for large particles. We illustrate these developments with publicly available data sets: together with a Bayesian approach to beam-induced motion correction it leads to resolution improvements of 0.2–0.7 Å compared to previous RELION versions.
Journal Article
Rapid determination of solid-state diffusion coefficients in Li-based batteries via intermittent current interruption method
The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is considered the go-to method for determining the Li
+
diffusion coefficients in insertion electrode materials. However, GITT-based methods are either time-consuming, prone to analysis pitfalls or require sophisticated interpretation models. Here, we propose the intermittent current interruption (ICI) method as a reliable, accurate and faster alternative to GITT-based methods. Using Fick’s laws, we prove that the ICI method renders the same information as the GITT within a certain duration of time since the current interruption. Via experimental measurements, we also demonstrate that the results from ICI and GITT methods match where the assumption of semi-infinite diffusion applies. Moreover, the benefit of the non-disruptive ICI method to operando materials characterization is exhibited by correlating the continuously monitored diffusion coefficient of Li
+
in a LiNi
0.8
Mn
0.1
Co
0.1
O
2
-based electrode to its structural changes captured by operando X-ray diffraction measurements.
The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is the state-of-the-art method for determining the Li+ diffusion coefficients in battery materials. Here, authors propose the intermittent current interruption method as a reliable, accurate and faster alternative to GITT-based methods.
Journal Article