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The use of saline water for the irrigation of forage crops to alleviate water scarcity has become necessary in semi-arid and arid regions and researchers have been seeking ways to offset the harmful results of soil salinity. Soil amendments with compost, manure and other organic material provide a valuable source of plant nutrients and appear to speed up soil recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits of farmyard manure and a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost (40 mg ha−1) for raising alfalfa (Medicago sativa, cv. Gabès) under salt-water irrigation. Both compost and manure improved plant mineral uptake and growth of alfalfa cultivated in clay soil. Using compost in clay soil increased the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in plant tissues compared to manure, while the bio-accumulation factor (BAF) of Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in plants grown with manure compared to MSW compost with salt stress. Compost addition could enhance alfalfa growth under salt stress, which depends on salt doses and can greatly improve the recovery effects in a cost-effective way, although additional amendment type should receive special attention in order to be used as a tool for sustainable agriculture.

The aerobic composting potential and quality of Source Separated Municipal Solid Waste (SSMSW) was studied using four different treatments for over 80 days. Four different types of treatments using different inoculums were used for the composting of source separated municipal solid waste. The phytotoxicity tests of the different types of compost samples were conducted on 3 different types of seeds and 3 of the compost samples were rated very mature and only one of them is rated mature compost. The compost quality (physicochemical, nutrient composition and heavy or trace metal concentration of the matured composts) of the studied compost samples for all the treatments indicated that composting of SSMSW with cow dung is the best of all the treatments.

Waste management and declining soil fertility are the two main issues experienced by all developing nations, like India. Nowadays, agricultural utilization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the most promising and cost effective options for managing solid waste. It is helpful in solving two current burning issues viz. soil fertility and MSW management. However, there is always a potential threat because MSW may contain pathogens and toxic pollutants. Therefore, much emphasis has been paid to composting of MSW in recent years. Application of compost from MSW in agricultural land helps in ameliorating the soil’s physico-chemical properties. Apart from that it also assists in improving biological response of cultivated land. Keeping the present situation in mind, this review critially discusses the current scenario, agricultural utilization of MSW compost, role of soil microbes and soil microbial response on municipal solid waste compost application.

Enhancement of multiple heavy metal uptake from municipal solid waste (MSW) compost by Lolium perenne L. in a field experiment was investigated with application of EDTA. EDTA was added in solution at six rates (0-30 mmol kg ⁻ ¹) after 50 days of plant growth. Two weeks later, plants were harvested for the first crop and then all the turfgrasses were mowed. After another 30 days of growth, EDTA was added again at above six rates to the corresponding sites and the second crop was harvested 2 weeks later. The results showed that EDTA significantly increased heavy metal accumulation in both crops of L. perenne. For the first crop, the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in the shoots increased remarkably with increasing EDTA supply, peaked at 25 mmol kg ⁻ ¹ EDTA, and shoots of 0-5 cm height (shoots from medium surface to 5 cm height) had higher metal concentrations than 5-10 cm and >10 cm shoots. The highest concentration of Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb was 2.3-, 2.3-, 2.6-, and 3.2-fold, respectively, in 0-5 cm shoots higher than control. For the second crop, the concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Pb in shoots were, in general, less than those in the first crop. However, the second crop was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the first crop in dry biomass, so the total amount of metals removed by the second crop was more than the first crop. In addition, EDTA significantly increased the translocation ratios of most heavy metals from roots to shoots. For the first crop, 38% of the total Zn, 51% of Cd, 49% of Pb, 60% Mn, 55% Ni, and 45% Cu taken up by the plant was translocated in the shoots of 0-5 cm height. Turfgrass would have potential for use in remediation of heavy metals in MSW compost or contaminated soils.

Aims Salinity adversely affects okra [ Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] plants by inducing osmotic and oxidative stresses. This study was designed to enhance salinity-induced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance in okra plants by applying organic amendments. Methods The effects of different organic amendments (municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure (FYM) and press mud) on osmotic potential, water use efficiency, activities of antioxidant enzymes, total soluble sugar, total soluble proline, total soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of okra plants grown under saline conditions (50 mM sodium chloride) were evaluated in a pot experiment. The organic amendments were applied each at the rate of 5% and 10% per pot or in various combinations (compost + FYM, FYM + press mud and compost + press mud each at the rate of 2.5% and 5% per pot). Results As compared to control, high total soluble sugar (60.41), total soluble proline (33.88%) and MDA (51%) contents and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (83.54%), catalase (78.61%), peroxidase (53.57%] in salinity-stressed okra plants, were indicative of oxidative stress. Salinity significantly reduced the osmotic potential (41.78%) and water use efficiency (4.75%) of okra plants compared to control. Under saline conditions, 5% (farmyard manure + press mud) was the most effective treatment, which significantly improved osmotic potential (27.05%), total soluble sugar (4.20%), total soluble protein (73.62%) and total soluble proline (23.20%) contents and superoxide dismutase activity (32.41%), compared to saline soil. Application of 2.5% (FYM + press mud), 5% press mud, and 10% compost significantly reduced MDA content (27%) and improved activities of catalase (38.64%) and peroxidase (48.29%), respectively, compared to saline soil, thus facilitated to alleviate oxidative stress in okra plants. Conclusions Using organic amendments (municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure and press mud) was a cost-effective approach to improve salinity-induced osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance in okra plants.

This paper offers a thorough bibliometric review of the literature on municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), focusing on the past two decades. Using an extensive dataset of 827 documents, the research patterns are analyzed via the R-based Bibliometrix package, merging metadata from Web of Science and Scopus. The analysis reveals substantial global growth in MSWC research, with a particular surge in the last 20 years. Discipline-specific journals are the main publishers, while multidisciplinary environmental outlets gained more citations. The study identifies five major collaborative author clusters that dominate productivity and citation frequency. The thematic evolution over the past five decades shows a transition from waste disposal towards topics such as heavy metals, soil properties, and plant nutrition, with emerging themes like carbon sequestration, biochar, and microplastics signaling future research directions. Specifically, the field has experienced a 7.86% annual growth rate, with an average citation rate of 26.88 per article. The 827 publications emerged from 317 sources and 1910 authors, with an international co-authorship rate of 14.75%, reflecting the field’s interdisciplinary character. Thirteen primary sources and twenty-two key authors were identified as major contributors. On the geographical front, Spain and Italy led with the most contributions and highest citation count, respectively. In terms of keywords, “heavy metals” and “sewage sludge” were the most recurrent, indicating the prevailing topics in MSWC research. This analysis hence provides key insights into the evolution and future trajectory of MSWC studies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capability of Secale montanum trusted for phytoremediation of contaminated soils with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). To conduct this study, soil samples were taken from contaminated rangelands soils around National Lead & Zinc Factory, Zanjan, Iran. In this study, which was performed in a greenhouse, after preparing the pot and treating soils with nano-silica (NS) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) amendments, 20 Secale seeds were cultured in each pot. The translocation factor (TF), the bio-concentration factor (BCF), and remediation factor (RF) were calculated to determine the phytoremediation capability of Secale . Six months after establishment, plant organs were harvested and Pb and Cd concentrations were measured in shoot and roots of Secale . For statistical analysis and to compare the obtained means, ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were performed, respectively. The pot experiment results showed that Pb uptake and accumulation by roots of S. montanum were highest in pots amended with NS500. In comparison, Pb concentration in shoots of Secale was highest in pots amended with MSWC 2%. In general, it seems that NS500 and MSWC 2% help phytoremediation capability of Secale in the Pb-contaminated soils.

Background and aims Besides general effect of organic residues on soil quality and plant crop, hormonal direct effect on plant growth by extracted humic acids of organic materials is interesting and profitable theme. In the present work, we studied on direct interaction between humic acid and root growth, depending on different origin of organic materials. Methods All extracted humic acids of four organic materials (sewage sludge, compost sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, compost municipal solid waste) were characterized chemically by elemental analyses, ion pair chromatography (ICP), size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-CPMAS-NMR) and quantification of IAA. Later, different morphological effects on maize (principal root growth, lateral root growth, root area, root mitosic site, root dry weight and H+-ATPase activity of plasma membrane) were analyzed. Results All humic acids samples promoted root growth and proton pump activity in maize vesicles, especially those composted samples, which contained more carboxylic groups and had a more hydrophobic character, produced preferentially morphological and biochemical effects.

The role of compost and biochar in the recovery of As and Sb-polluted soils is poorly investigated, as well as the influence of their application rates on soil health and quality. In this study, we therefore investigated the effectiveness over time (2, 4, and 6 months, M) of a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and a biochar (BC), applied at 10 and 30% rates, and of selected mixtures (MIX; applied at 10 and 30% total rates, 1:1 ratio of MSWC and BC), on labile As and Sb in a polluted soil from an abandoned Sb mine (Djebel Hamimat, Algeria). At the same timepoints, the amendment impact on soil chemistry was also monitored, while the activity and diversity of the resident microbial communities were investigated at 6 M. After 6 months, MSWC, BC, and MIX applied at the higher rate significantly increased soil pH (from 7.5 up to 8.2), while MSWC and MIX increased soil EC to worrying values. The soil dissolved organic carbon content was also greatly increased by MSWC and MIX at the higher rates (up to 50-fold), while BC showed a negligible impact. All the amendments reduced the concentration of labile Sb in soil, with BC 10% being the most effective treatment (i.e., reducing labile Sb from ~ 60 to 20 mg kg −1 soil). On the contrary, only BC and MIX applied at 10% significantly reduced labile As (e.g., from ~ 12 to 4 mg kg −1 soil in the case of BC). MSWC and MIX at both rates increased up to 2000-fold soil dehydrogenase activity, while BC showed a null impact. The Biolog community level physiological profile and sequencing of the partial 16S rRNA gene showed a reduction of catabolic activity and α-diversity and a change of the community composition of bacterial populations in treated soils. Overall, MIX treatment, especially at 10%, was the most promising option for the chemical and biological recovery of As and Sb-polluted soils.

   Compost from municipal solid waste (MSWC) can represent a resource for the environmental management of soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), since it can reduce their mobility and improve soil fertility. However, the long-term impact of compost on soil recovery has been poorly investigated. To this end, the influence of a MSWC added at different rates (i.e. 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% w/w) to a multi-PTE-contaminated (e.g. Sb 412 mg kg −1 , Pb 2664 mg kg −1 and Zn 7510 mg kg −1 ) sub-acidic soil (pH 6.4) was evaluated after 6 years since its addition. The MSWC significantly enhanced soil fertility parameters (i.e. total organic carbon, Olsen P and total N) and reduced the PTE labile fractions. The distribution maps of PTEs detected through µXRF analysis revealed the presence of Zn and Pb carbonates in the amended soils, or the formation of complexes between these PTEs and the functional groups of MSWC. A higher oral, inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility of each PTE was detected in the soil fine-grained fractions (< 2 and 2–10 µm) than in coarse particles (10–20 and 20–50 µm). The MSWC amendment generally did not modify the PTE bioaccessibility, while the relative bioaccessibility of cationic PTEs was greater than that of anionic ones (e.g. Cd > Zn > Pb > Sb > As). Pb and Sb showed the highest hazard quotients (e.g. 2.2 and 10 for Sb and Pb, respectively, in children). Overall, the results indicated that the MSWC used can be an effective option for the recovery of PTE-contaminated soils, even in the long term.