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Naumure Multipurpose Project (NMP) featuring a 169 m high Concrete Face Rock Filled Dam (CFRD) is the proposed reservoir project in the West Rapti River with an installed capacity of 218.34 MW. Most of the rivers in Nepal carry significant sediment loads that will consequently catalyze reservoir sedimentation. This phenomenon prevails as the primary factor in reducing reservoirs useful life, making ineffective for both flood control and hydroelectricity generation. Ultimately, such process of sedimentation has adverse impacts on projects economic feasibility and long-term sustainability. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the expected sediment deposition pattern in the NMP reservoir throughout its operational period by employing 1D HEC-RAS model to simulate the sedimentation process. The model was simulated for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years. Yang’s equation as a sediment transport function, Active layer as a bed sorting method and Toffaleti as a fall velocity method were best suited for the river reach. The delta deposition was formed between 11 km and 22 km upstream of the dam region in the Jhimruk river, with the sediment deposition depth reaching peaks of about 23 m, 38 m, 39 m, 41 m and 49 m in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years, respectively. Similarly, the delta deposition was formed between 13 km and 33 km upstream of dam region in the Madi river, with the sediment deposition depth reaching peaks of about 47 m, 62 m, 60 m, 68 m and 75 m in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years respectively. Headcutting of delta deposition occurred between 20 and 30 year due to high flood during low stage of reservoir. Furthermore, the study revealed that about 6.22%, 11.61%, 15.94%, 22.96% and 25.65% of the storage capacity of NMP reservoir will be depleted in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years respectively.

Various developmental activities like installation of hydroelectric projects, multipurpose projects, nuclear power plants, rapid urbanization and industrial growth needs mapping seismically active faults and correlating with the regional tectonics. This is the present day demand from the society to seismologists at large. To meet this demand the agencies involved in earthquake research, National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), recently commissioned state of art broad band seismological networks in Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states in southern peninsular shield to study the seismic activity in eastern Dharwar craton. Installation of seismic networks namely Andhra Pradesh seismic network, Koyna seismic network, and shield seismic networks operated by National Geophysical Research Institute in southern peninsular shield tremendously improved the capabilities of monitoring the earthquake activity in near real time. This article deals with the application and necessity of monitoring micro earthquake activity by installing network of seismic stations along pre existing zones of weakness, which have been earlier subjected to major earthquakes like Kinnerasani-Godavari fault (Bhadrachalam region), Gundlakamma river fault (Ongole region) and characterizing the nature of faulting associated with the above. Copyright 2015 Geological Society of India

We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement, water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 88,369 Mg-C year-¹ of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year-¹ of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3. In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year-¹ would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year-¹ by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the carbon credit system.

Aiming at the environmental development of the deltaic Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt, multipurpose projects had been implemented. Studies threw light on the physical environment (climate, geomorphology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and soil) and natural plant life of the area. Field experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to test the following: 1-Physical and chemical properties of soil and water, 2- Fiber length measurement of/and production of paper pulps and sheets of paper from fiber halophytes, namely: Juncus rigidus and J. acutus, 3- Estimation of the nutritive values and palatability of three fodder producing halophytes (Bassia indica, Juncus subulatus and Diplachne fusca), 4-Propagation of Bassia indica and Juncus spp. under salinity and aridity stress of the area and 5- Soil desalination using Juncus rigidus and J. acutus and microorganisms. The results obtained are promising and gave the green light to start a wide scale agro-industrial program for the environmental development of the deltaic Mediterranean desert of Egypt.

Aiming at the environmental development of the deltaic Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt, multipurpose projects had been implemented. Studies threw light on the physical environment (climate, geomorphology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and soil) and natural plant life of the area. Field experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to test the following: 1-Physical and chemical properties of soil and water, 2- Fiber length measurement of/and production of paper pulps and sheets of paper from fiber halophytes, namely: Juncus rigidus and J. acutus, 3- Estimation of the nutritive values and palatability of three fodder producing halophytes (Bassia indica, Juncus subulatus and Diplachne fusca), 4- Propagation of Bassia indica and Juncus spp. under salinity and aridity stress of the area and 5- Soil desalination using Juncus rigidus and J. acutus and microorganisms. The results obtained are promising and gave the green light to start a wide scale agro-industrial program for the environmental development of the deltaic Mediterranean desert of Egypt.

A dynamic approach is taken in this study to assess the efficiency of the various functions of the Xiaolangdi multipurpose project using the emergy evaluation method. These functions include flood control, ice jam prevention, sediment reduction, water supply and power generation. Through simulation modeling, both emergy inflows and outflows can be continuously tracked and the variations and uncertainties properly measured for different stages in the operation of the Xiaolangdi multipurpose project on an annual basis. Dynamic emergy analysis provides an alternative way to evaluate the efficiency of a multipurpose hydropower project.

The international aid effort against AIDS is greatly incommensurate with the severity of the epidemic. Drawing on the data that international aid donors self-reported to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), we find that, between 1996 and 1998, finance from all rich countries to sub-Saharan Africa for projects designated as AIDS control averaged US$69 million annually, and, assuming a safe margin for under-reporting and misreporting, we estimate that total donor spending on HIV/AIDS control was perhaps twice that at most. Since the late 1980s, aid levels have dropped relative to the prevalence of HIV infection, and stood recently at about $3 per HIV infected person. Lack of finance is now the primary constraint on progress against AIDS, notwithstanding the wide spread belief that a lack of interest from the governments of poor countries is limiting. We argue that to produce a meaningful response to the pandemic, international assistance must be based on grants, not loans, for the poorest countries; be increased within the next 3 years to a minimum of $7·5 billion or more; be directed toward funding projects which are proposed and desired by the affected countries themselves, and which are judged as having epidemiological merit against the pandemic by a panel of independent scientific experts; and fund concurrent needs, including prevention, drug treatment (such as highly active antiretroviral therapy), and blocking mother-to-child HIV transmission. An effort of this scope and scale will both radically alter the prospects for intervention against AIDS in poor countries, and together with comparable efforts to control other infectious diseases, is easily afforded by the OECD donor economies, whose aggregate national income recently surpassed $21 trillion annually.

This book deals with the evolution and context of the Bank policy for projects on international waterways. It starts with a brief description of how the Bank faced the challenges stemming from such projects, and the different approaches deliberated by the Bank that led to the issuance of the first policy in 1956. The Book then reviews the implementation experience and analyzes the principles and procedures, as well as the main features of each of the policies issued in 1956, 1965 and 1985. The principles of international water law prevailing at each stage of the policy updates are examined and compared with those of Bank policy.The book also discusses in details the notification process: its basis, by whom, to whom, its content, different riparians’ responses, and the exceptions to the notification requirement. It analyzes how the Bank handles an objection from one or more of the riparians to projects proposed for Bank financing. It also examines how the Bank has dealt with transboundary groundwater, as well as the linkages between the policy for projects on international waterways and the policies on disputed areas and environmental impact assessment. The conclusion provides an overview of the main findings of the book, and highlights some of the lessons drawn from the implementation experience of the policy.

The 2022 Pakistan floods devastated healthcare access for pregnant women in already impoverished areas in Sindh province. This study examines how Cash for Health assistance (CH) of USD 112 alleviated financial burdens and improved maternal health outcomes and resilience, bridging a critical literature gap on cash effectiveness in humanitarian crises. This study used a mixed-methods approach to assess the CH assistance intervention for families of pregnant/lactating women in flood-affected rural Sindh, Pakistan. A pre-post quantitative analysis of baseline (May-June 2024) and endline (August-November 2024) survey data in ~100 villages (Jamshoro/Sehwan) examined changes in healthcare access, expenditure, and preferences using -tests, proportion tests, and multivariable regression. Concurrently, five qualitative case studies from key informant interviews provided thematic content analysis, triangulating findings on economic, health, and social impacts. Respondents predominantly had low literacy rates and were from households of daily wage laborers in vulnerable, flood-affected areas. While income and education remained low, instances of forgone care due to financial barriers increased (68% to 97%, < 0.001). CH significantly improved healthcare access (58% to 98%, < 0.001). Access to regular physicians (20% to 69%) and private facilities (10% to 41%) notably expanded. Healthcare expenditure significantly increased from USD 9.3 to USD 25, with a shift in spending preference towards medication, consultations, and diagnostics. CH also significantly improved food security (21% to 97%), meal frequency, and overall household stability, including reducing domestic violence. Qualitative data emphasized pre-existing vulnerabilities and CH's role in addressing health, nutrition, and psychosocial needs. CH significantly improved healthcare access and reduced financial burdens for vulnerable pregnant women post-disaster. However, a sustainable impact requires integrated \"cash plus\" models, combining financial aid with stronger health systems, psychosocial support, and literacy for long-term resilience.

The Arkun hydropower and dam project is located on the Coruh River in the North-west of Turkey. The project was completed in 2014. The reservoir is mainly used for energy generation. For this purpose, a main powerhouse with 225 MW and an environmental powerhouse with 12 MW were constructed. Additionally, the reservoir and operation scheme shall contribute to mitigate floods. A minimum ecological flow is mandatory in the Coruh River between the river section reaching from the eco powerhouse which is located downstream of the CFSGD dam and the main powerhouse which is connected to the reservoir via a 14 km headrace tunnel. During the feasibility stage the hydropower projects in Turkey frequently applied simplified methods for the estimation of the energy generation potential. This approach led to an overestimation of the energy general in many cases. Therefore, a reservoir operation model was created which considered monthly runoff data from 1963 to 2005. This model considered the operation of the two powerhouses, evaporation, potential irrigation uses, and spilling. In order to provide a reliable annual generation prognosis, the future development status was considered by the adaptation of the run-off time series. The results of this modelling confirm both the estimated power production during feasibility stage and the actual power production during the operation period. Le projet hydroélectrique et de barrage d’Arkun, achevés en 2014, sont situés le long de la rivière Coruh dans le nord-ouest de la Turquie. Puisque le réservoir est principalement utilisé pour la production d’énergie, une centrale électrique principale de 225 MW et une centrale environnementale de 12 MW ont été construites. En outre, le réservoir et le programme d’exploitation devront contribuer à atténuer les inondations. Un débit écologique minimal entre la centrale écologique située en aval du barrage CFSGD et la centrale électrique principale est obligatoire pour alimenter la rivière Coruh. Le barrage CFSGD et la centrale électrique principale sont reliées au réservoir par un tunnel d’amont de 14 km. Au cours de l’avant-projet de faisabilité, le projet hydroélectrique en Turquie a fréquemment appliqué une méthode simplifiée pour l’estimation du potentiel de production d’énergie. Cette approche a conduit à une surestimation de l’énergie générale dans de nombreux cas. Par conséquent, un modèle d’exploitation des réservoirs a été créé, qui considérait les données mensuelles des écoulements de 1963 à 2005. Ce modèle considérait le fonctionnement des deux centrales électriques, l’évaporation, les utilisations potentielles de l’irrigation et les déversements. Afin de fournir un pronostic de génération annuel fiable, le développement futur a été pris en compte par l’adaptation.