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Myiasis caused by the sheep nasal botfly is endemic in countries where sheep and goats are largely reared, while humans serve as incidental hosts. Ophthalmomyiasis in humans caused by Oestrus ovis is documented globally but is most prevalent in Mediterranean countries, highlighting the significance of this myiasis as a neglected disease. A thorough questionnaire covering frequency of disease occurrence, seasonal patterns, and management of O. ovis was forwarded to clinicians in Italy gathering data from 100 respondents across diverse regional and occupational backgrounds. Majority of respondents were from endemic areas of the Southern Italy and main islands, like Sardinia (52%) and Sicily (42%), with 81% representing physicians. Notably, 31% of physicians reported treating ophthalmomyiasis cases, while 80% expressed interest in further information. Seasonal trends revealed a peak during summer (χ² = 29.429, df = 4, p < 0.001), notably among outdoor workers in contact with farm animals (χ ² = 18.059, df = 2, p < 0.001). Diagnosis relied on symptoms or parasite detection, with ocular regions being the most common site of infestation. O. ovis was identified in 13% of cases (χ² = 20.368, df = 3, p < 0.05), with physicians emphasizing the importance of removing larvae painlessly to avoid complications. Finally, physicians reported the efficacy of mercuric oxide ointment and the use of topical povidone-iodine for ocular localization, combined with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Diagnostic challenges and the persistence of recurrent infestations highlight the need for enhanced disease surveillance and clinician knowledge to effectively manage and mitigate the impact of ophthalmomyiasis as it continues to emerge as a significant public health concern.

Questionnaires and clinical observations are significant components of human and veterinary epidemiology surveys, providing a comprehensive prognosis of the occurrence and prevalence of diseases. The information compiled by these two survey methods is equally important for establishing an epidemiological surveillance system for disease outbreak management. This review summarizes 57 previous surveys, including questionnaires and clinical observations on sheep myiasis globally from 1976 to 2023, with an emphasis on their methodologies and areas of findings. Overall, this review establishes a baseline understanding of the essential entomological and veterinary aspects required for designing questionnaires and clinical observation surveys on sheep myiasis. Additionally, it provides guidance for implementing future study protocols and proposes a farmer-based approach that integrates these techniques to achieve improved outcomes in mitigating sheep myiasis.

Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), commonly known as black soldier fly is a dipterous species which can produce enteric pseudomyiasis in humans and domestic animals. Veterinary cases of intestinal myiasis caused by H. illucens in dogs have not been reported previously. We present this rare pseudomyiasis (= accidental myiasis) produced by infestation with several larvae of the intestinal tract in a dog inhabiting a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Cutaneous myiasis, one of the most frequently diagnosed myiasis types, is defined as skin or soft tissue on a living host infested by dipterous larvae (maggots). However, bibliometric analysis of this disease remains sparse. Machine learning techniques and updated publications provide an opportunity for such an investigation. All the studies were retrieved from PubMed and were processed using R software in the bibliometric analysis and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling. Furthermore, the clinical management of two diabetes patients with serious soft tissue infection-associated sepsis was analyzed. A total of 211 results were retrieved and 50 topics relevant to cutaneous myiasis were determined by the LDA algorithm. The topics of uncommon fly species, nasal infestation, and physician discussion of cutaneous myiasis were consistently common over the last 20 years. Case report remains one of the key features in myiasis. Four major clusters were identified, i.e., case report related, disease type and development, travel in the tropics, and skin disease. To further delve into clinical practice, the clinical features of two patients with soft tissue infection-related sepsis were demonstrated, and a distinct beneficial role of myiasis was found. The levels of white blood cell, blood glucose, and C-reactive protein in the case with cutaneous myiasis were more stable than the other case without cutaneous myiasis but with sepsis shock. Maggot debridement therapy may be a promising treatment and beneficial for soft tissue infection-related sepsis. The model analysis of maggot therapy and its clinical advantages shows increasing research value and possible application in future clinical practice.

Introduction Neonatal myiasis is a rare condition, with few reports available on the subject. Surgical management is recommended in some cases. In this study, we present the case of a 7-day-old male neonate with larvae in his scrotum who underwent surgery. Case presentation A full-term 7-day-old male infant (Aryan race) was referred to a children’s hospital. On the sixth day after birth, three 3–4 mm long larvae crawled out from his scrotum, with the number increasing over time. He was given intravenous antibiotics and topical mupirocin to combat secondary infections. The surgical treatment involved two steps: first, the larvae were extracted, and then the infection site was washed with betadine and hydrogen peroxide to help remove any possible remaining larvae. Conclusion Scrotal myiasis is a rare disease that occurs in infants and requires immediate treatment. Surgical treatment is effective in removing dead or decaying larvae from a deep-seated location and washing the infection site to prevent secondary infection.

Myiasis due to parasitic fly larvae (maggots) can have major consequences for animal health and welfare. The European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus is frequently presented in rehabilitation centres and veterinary practices due to health problems, including myiasis. In the present study, 557 hedgehogs presented at wildlife rehabilitation centres in Northern Germany during 2018-2021 were examined for the presence of dipteran eggs and larvae. Overall, 15.6% of animals carried fly eggs and/or larvae. Four different dipteran species were identified by PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region. Lucilia sericata was detected on 25.3% [22/87] of affected hedgehogs, followed by Calliphora vicina (12.6% [11/87]), Lucilia ampullacea (11.5% [10/87]) and Lucilia caesar (9.2% [8/87]). Myiasis prevalence was significantly higher during the summer compared to spring and autumn. Fly eggs were found all over the body, while larvae were detected most frequently in the body's natural orifices and in wounds. Regarding rehabilitation success, myiasis occurred significantly more frequently in animals that died or were euthanized compared to those released back into the wild. Although the high death rate probably arose in combination with underlying disease, this illustrates that myiasis represents a serious health issue that should be diagnosed and treated immediately.

Clogmia albipunctata, known as drain fly, is a non-hematophagous insect of the Psychodidae family with worldwide distribution, particularly in tropical and temperate areas. It can be found near sewer drains, sewage treatment plants, plant pots, swamps, and any other place containing decaying or moist organic matter. It has been introduced in several publications as the causative agent of myiasis in humans. A case presentation, together with a compilation of findings from a database, including 51 scientific publications in the literature, allowed us to overview critically in detail the variable aspects of epidemiology, life cycle, biology, and medical importance of this insect and its probable role in human myiasis. The absence of a precise definition of myiasis and the lack of incontestable epidemiological, entomological, and clinical evidence in the articles introducing C. albipunctata as a causative agent led us to interrogate its role in human myiasis. It is necessary to take into account this misinterpretation and make an accurate diagnosis based on the isolation of insect larvae from the corresponding lesion.

Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of tissues and body cavities of vertebrates by . Nasal myiasis is mostly caused by the and families. Many predisposing factors play a role in the appearance of nasal myiasis. In the treatment of the disease, the use of antiseptics together with mechanical cleaning is recommended. In this report, a case of nasopharyngeal myiasis in a 75-year-old patient hospitalized in the intensive care unit is presented. Nine larvae were detected in the patient's nose. Larvae were removed from the area and were cleaned with iodine solution for three days. As a result of macroscopic and microscopic examination, the larvae were identified as the third stage of sp. in order to prevent myiasis infestations, personnel working in places where the patient is unconscious, such as intensive care units, should daily check the patient's body cavities such as nose, mouth and ear cavities, and perform their care and cleaning. Keywords: Myiasis, Sarcophaga sp., nasopharyngeal myiasis, intensive care.

We review epidemiological and clinical data on human myiasis from Ecuador, based on data from the Ministry of Public Health (MPH) and a review of the available literature for clinical cases. The larvae of four flies, Dermatobia hominis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, and Lucilia eximia, were identified as the causative agents in 39 reported clinical cases. The obligate D. hominis, causing furuncular lesions, caused 17 (43.5%) cases distributed along the tropical Pacific coast and the Amazon regions. The facultative C. hominivorax was identified in 15 (38%) clinical cases, infesting wound and cavitary lesions including orbital, nasal, aural and vaginal, and occurred in both subtropical and Andean regions. C. hominivorax was also identified in a nosocomial hospital-acquired wound. Single infestations were reported for S. haemorrhoidalis and L. eximia. Of the 39 clinical cases, 8 (21%) occurred in tourists. Ivermectin, when it became available, was used to treat furuncular, wound, and cavitary lesions successfully. MPH data for 2013-2015 registered 2,187 cases of which 54% were reported in men; 46% occurred in the tropical Pacific coast, 30% in the temperate Andes, 24% in the tropical Amazon, and 0.2% in the Galapagos Islands. The highest annual incidence was reported in the Amazon (23 cases/100,000 population), followed by Coast (5.1/100,000) and Andes (4.7/100,000). Human myiasis is a neglected and understudied ectoparasitic infestation, being endemic in both temperate and tropical regions of Ecuador. Improved education and awareness among populations living in, visitors to, and health personnel working in high-risk regions, is required for improved epidemiological surveillance, prevention, and correct diagnosis and treatment.

Cutaneous myiasis is an ectoparasitic disease caused by fly larvae. In non-endemic regions it is rare, often unfamiliar to clinicians and readily misdiagnosed. A 24-year-old Serbian traveller developed painful furuncular lesions on the thigh after returning from Kenya. The lesions were initially treated as insect bites with intramuscular corticosteroid, antihistamines and topical betamethasone–gentamicin. Spontaneous expulsion of a larva led to the recognition of myiasis. Three third-instar (L3) larvae were surgically removed. Morphological features and mitochondrial cox1 sequencing identified Cordylobia anthropophaga. Genetic analysis confirmed 99 % identity with reference sequences. This case highlights the challenges associated with diagnosis of furuncular myiasis in travellers. Awareness of travel history, maintenance of clinical suspicion and molecular analysis are essential for accurate diagnosis. Timely larval removal and prophylactic antibiotics minimise complications and improve outcomes.