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The silver, magnesium oxide and gyrotactic microorganism-based hybrid nanofluid flow inside the conical space between disc and cone is addressed in the perspective of thermal energy stabilization. Different cases have been discussed between the spinning of cone and disc in the same or counter wise directions. The hybrid nanofluid has been synthesized in the presence of silver Ag and magnesium oxide MgO nanoparticulate. The viscous dissipation and the magnetic field factors are introduced to the modeled equations. The parametric continuation method (PCM) is utilized to numerically handle the modeled problem. Magnesium oxide is chemically made up of Mg 2+ and O 2- ions that are bound by a strong ionic connection and can be made by pyrolyzing Mg(OH) 2 (magnesium hydroxide) and MgCO 3 (magnesium carbonate) at high temperature (700–1500 °C). For metallurgical, biomedical and electrical implementations, it is more efficient. Similarly, silver nanoparticle's antibacterial properties could be employed to control bacterial growth. It has been observed that a circulating disc with a stationary cone can achieve the optimum cooling of the cone-disk apparatus while the outer edge temperature remains fixed. The thermal energy profile remarkably upgraded with the magnetic effect, the addition of nanoparticulate in base fluid and Eckert number.

Recently, the use of herbs in the agriculture and food industry has increased significantly. In particular, Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts have been reported to have strong antibacterial properties, which depend on their chemical composition. The present study displayed a biological method for synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nano-flowers. The nano-flowers are developed without using any catalyst agent. Aqueous Rosemary extract was used to synthesize MgO nano-flowers (MgONFs) in stirring conditions and temperature at 70°C for 4 h. The mixture solution was checked by UV-Vis spectrum to confirm the presence of nanoparticles. The MgO nano-flowers powder was further characterized in this study by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, bacteriological tests indicated that MgO nano-flowers significantly inhibited bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and motility of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, which is the causal agent of bacterial blight disease in rice. The electronic microscopic observation showed that bacterial cell death may be mainly due to destroy of cell integrity, resulting in leakage of intracellular content. As recommended, the use of Rosemary extract is an effective and green way to produce the MgO nano-flowers, which can be widely used in agricultural fields to suppress bacterial infection.

The discovery of eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective compounds to control diseases caused by microbes and insects are the main challenges. Herein, the magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) are successfully fabricated by harnessing the metabolites secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum. The fabricated MgO-NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, DLS, EDX, FT-IR, and XPS analyses. Data showed the successful formation of crystallographic, spherical, well-dispersed MgO-NPs with sizes of 7–40 nm at a maximum wavelength of 250 nm. The EDX analysis confirms the presence of Mg and O ions as the main components with weight percentages of 13.62% and 7.76%, respectively. The activity of MgO-NPs as an antimicrobial agent was investigated against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, and exhibited zone of inhibitions of 12.0 ± 0.0, 12.7 ± 0.9, 23.3 ± 0.8, 17.7 ± 1.6, and 14.7 ± 0.6 mm respectively, at 200 µg mL−1. The activity is decreased by decreasing the MgO-NPs concentration. The biogenic MgO-NPs exhibit high efficacy against different larvae instar and pupa of Anopheles stephensi, with LC50 values of 12.5–15.5 ppm for I–IV larvae instar and 16.5 ppm for the pupa. Additionally, 5 mg/cm2 of MgO-NPs showed the highest protection percentages against adults of Anopheles stephensi, with values of 100% for 150 min and 67.6% ± 1.4% for 210 min.

Chitosan (CS) is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature with superior properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, lack of toxicity, antimicrobial activity, acceleration of wound healing, and stimulation of the immune system. In this study, chitosan was extracted from the exoskeletons of beetles (Pimelia payraudi latreille) and then used for the biosynthesis of highly pure MgO NPs and ZnO NPs by a facile greener route. The extracted chitosan exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, including high extraction yield (39%), high degree of deacetylation (90%), low ash content (1%), high fat-binding capacity (366%), and unusual crystallinity index (51%). The MgO NPs and ZnO NPs exhibited a spherical morphology with crystallite sizes of 17 nm and 29 nm, particle sizes of about 20–70 nm and 30–60 nm, and band gap energies of 4.43 and 3.34 eV, respectively. Antibacterial assays showed that the extracted chitosan exhibited high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, while ZnO NPs showed much stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. For MgO NPs, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria was lower than against Gram-negative bacteria. The results suggest that the synthesized MgO NPs and ZnO NPs are excellent antibacterial agents for therapeutic applications.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles, or MgO NPs, have garnered a lot of attention because of their exceptional stability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. However, many of the green production methods used today have limited mechanistic knowledge and low reproducibility. In order to get over these challenges, we created a standardized and environmentally friendly process for producing MgO NPs using orange peel extract, a naturally occurring biowaste source rich in phytochemicals that acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Active precursor alteration during synthesis was clearly shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (TGA-FTIR), while imaging techniques showed extremely crystalline cubic-phase MgO nanoparticles that were about 9 nm in size. The NPs displayed an irregular shape between 10 and 40 nm and a positive surface charge of +11.74 mV. Terpenoids, polymethoxyflavones, fatty acids, and sugars all work in collaboration with direct nucleation, regulate particle growth, and stabilize the nanoparticles, according to GC-MS analysis. The MgO NPs showed remarkable cytocompatibility in biology, preserving >80% viability in fibroblast and osteoblast cell lines while causing distinct metabolic regulation in osteoblasts without changing the shape of the cells. Consistent moderate activity against a variety of pathogens was confirmed by antimicrobial and antibiofilm assays, with special effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. This study shows that these MgO NPs have good biocompatibility and antimicrobial qualities, indicating the need for more research for possible biomedical applications. It also clarifies the molecular role of phytochemicals in nanoparticle formation and provides a repeatable green synthesis pathway.

Antibacterial restorative materials against caries-causing bacteria are highly preferred among high-risk patients, such as the elderly, and patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes. This study aimed to enhance the antibacterial potential of resin composite with Magnesium-doped Zinc oxide (Mg-doped ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and to look for their effectiveness in the alloxan-induced diabetic model. Hexagonal Mg-doped ZnO NPs (22.3 nm diameter) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized through ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The Mg-doped ZnO NPs (1, 2.5 and 5% w/w) were then evaluated for antibacterial activity using a closed system in vitro biofilm model. Significant enhancement in the antibacterial properties was observed in composites with 1% Mg-doped ZnO compared to composites with bare ZnO reinforced NPs (Streptococcus mutans, p = 0.0005; Enterococcus faecalis, p = 0.0074, Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001; Diabetic Saliva microcosm, p < 0.0001). At 1–2.5% Mg-doped ZnO NPs concentration, compressive strength and biocompatibility of composites were not affected. The pH buffering effect was also achieved at these concentrations, hence not allowing optimal conditions for the anaerobic bacteria to grow. Furthermore, composites with Mg-doped ZnO prevented secondary caries formation in the secondary caries model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Therefore, Mg-doped ZnO NPs are highly recommended as an antibacterial agent for resin composites to avoid biofilm and subsequent secondary caries formation in high-risk patients.

The uniqueness and novelty of this study lies in the ability of Mentha longifolia leaves extract (MLLE) to synthesize bimetallic NPs (NPs) of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide as nanocomposite (ZnO/MgO NPs) for the first time. Medicinal plants extracts are a more environmentally friendly method of creating NPs than physical or chemical methods. The specific objectives of the research were employed this nanocomposite compared to plant extract as antibacterial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant agents. Also, the possibility of using this nanocomposite as plant stimulator for reducing saline water stress on economic plants to cope with the scarcity of freshwater in the agricultural sector. In comparison to nanocomposite, MLLE exhibited high inhibition zones 28 ± 0.1, 26 ± 0.2, 26 ± 0.1, 25 ± 0.2, 25 ± 0.1 and 24 ± 0.1 mm in medium inoculated by E. faecalis , E. coli , S. typh , M. circinelloid C. albicans , and S. aureus , respectively. It was shown from the DPPH data that ZnO/MgO NPs’ IC 50 value (52.55 ± 0.98 µg/mL) was lower than the extract’s (299.27 ± 1.59 µg/mL) when compared to ascorbic (195.15 ± 1.63 µg/mL). Compared to acarbose, ZnO/MgO NPs exhibited superior activity against α-Amylase inhibition percentage, as evidenced by their IC 50 value of 117.02 ± 0.56 µg/mL. In contrast to ZnO/MgO NPs, acarbose had a lower IC 50 value of 22.15 ± 0.76 µg/mL. ZnO/MgO NPs were added to the soil cultivated by cucumber plants (A pots experiment) at quantities of 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Bimetallic ZnO/MgO NPs, particularly at 200 ppm, improved the shoot and root lengths and fresh weight of shoot, but they also seemed to reduce the level stress indicator of MDA, H 2 O 2 , and antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). As a result, ZnO/MgO NPs may be employed as a unique approach to boost plant growth under salinity stress.

Microbial infections represent a major hazard to global public health, resulting in extensive morbidity and mortality across the globe. As a result, in the past 10 years, nanoparticles have drawn a lot of interest in their potential to manage microbial diseases. One of the few studies that has used a green and environmentally acceptable approach of producing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) was employed via using an extract from watermelon peels. UV–visible, FTIR, XRD, and TEM were used to comprehensively characterize the biosynthesized MgONPs. The synthetic MgONPs have a polycrystalline form with a median particle size of 6–17 nm, according on the characterization of the material. According to the antimicrobial results, MgONPs showed notable antimicrobial properties toward B . subtitles, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa , and C. albicans , with an inhibition zone measuring 18.2 ± 0.36, 23.7 ± 0.4, 15.4 ± 0.25, 17.6 ± 0.56, and 16.3 ± 0.32 mm respectively. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varied from 50 to 200 µg/mL. MgONPs have successfully demonstrated antibiofilm potential versus MRSA. A molecular docking simulation was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the potential mechanism of MgO-NPs against the S. aureus strain. The results imply that the activity may be attributed to the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with a varying degree, and the predominant interaction observed is the hydrophobic interaction with the residues’ amino acids in the active site of the pocket in S. aureus . Furthermore, the DPPH technique revealed that MgONPs had considerable antioxidant activity, with an IC 50 of 223 µg/mL. Additionally, at a dosage of 62.5 µg/mL, MgONPs exhibit possible antiviral efficacy against HAV and HSV1, with proportions of 84.7 and 49.7%, respectively. Finally, the watermelon peel extract biosynthesized MgONPs exhibit antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and antiviral properties that show promise to be utilized in the biomedical field.

Sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis methods for nanoparticles are crucial for advancing green nanotechnology. This study presents the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using ovalbumin, an abundant and non-toxic protein from egg white. The synthesis process was optimized by varying metal ion concentrations to control particle size and morphology. Characterization using ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM, and UV-VIS confirmed the successful formation of uniform, well-crystallized nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 7.9 to 13.5 nm. ZnO nanoparticles exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, while MgO nanoparticles showed enhanced potential environmental remediation. These findings highlight ovalbumin as a versatile agent for the green synthesis of ZnO and MgO nanomaterials, with promising applications in the medical, environmental, and optoelectronic fields. The results indicate that this biogenic method can serve as a sustainable proposal to produce nanostructured materials with diverse applications in the medical and environmental fields, such as eliminating pathogenic bacteria and purifying contaminated environments. Overall, this study significantly contributes to the development of sustainable nanomaterials and opens up new perspectives on the use of ovalbumin protein in the synthesis of multifunctional nanostructured materials.

Diabetic wounds are a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that can lead to persistent infection, amputation, and even death. Prolonged oxidative stress has been widely recognized as a major instigator in the development of diabetic wounds; therefore, oxidative stress is considered a promising therapeutic target. In the present study, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling was confirmed to be activated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and methylglyoxal (MGO)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Knockdown of Keap1 by siRNA reversed the increase in Keap1 levels, promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and increased the expression of HO-1, an antioxidant protein. To explore therapeutic delivery strategies, milk-derived exosomes (mEXOs) were developed as a novel, efficient, and non-toxic siRNA carrier. SiRNA-Keap1 (siKeap1) was loaded into mEXOs by sonication, and the obtained mEXOs-siKeap1 were found to promote HUVEC proliferation and migration while relieving oxidative stress in MGO-treated HUVECs. Meanwhile, in a mouse model of diabetic wounds, injection of mEXOs-siKeap1 significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing with enhanced collagen formation and neovascularization. Taken together, these data support the development of Keap1 knockdown as a potential therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds and demonstrated the feasibility of mEXOs as a scalable, biocompatible, and cost-effective siRNA delivery system. Graphical Abstract The therapeutic effect of siKeap1-loaded mEXOs on diabetic wound healing was assessed. First, we found that the expression of Keap1 was upregulated in the wounds of diabetic mice and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with methylglyoxal (MGO). Next, we extracted exosomes from raw milk by differential centrifugation and loaded siKeap1 into milk-derived exosomes by sonication. The in vitro application of the synthetic complex (mEXOs-siKeap1) was found to increase the nuclear localization of Nrf2 and the expression of the antioxidant protein HO-1, thus reversing oxidative stress. Furthermore, in vivo mEXOs-siKeap1 administration significantly accelerated the healing rate of diabetic wounds (Scheme 1). Scheme 1 Schematic diagram. A Synthesis of mEXOs-siKeap1 complex. B Mechanism of mEXOs-siKeap1 in vitro. C The treatment effect of mEXOs-siKeap1 on an in vivo mouse model of diabetic wounds