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Magnesium is an element of great importance functioning because of its association with many cellular physiological functions. The magnesium content of foods is gradually decreasing due to food processing, and magnesium supplementation for healthy living has become increasingly popular. However, data is very limited on the bioavailability of various magnesium preparations. The aim of this study is to investigate the bioavailability of five different magnesium compounds (magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, magnesium acetyl taurate, magnesium citrate, and magnesium malate) in different tissues. Following a single dose 400 mg/70 kg magnesium administration to Sprague Dawley rats, bioavailability was evaluated by examining time-dependent absorption, tissue penetration, and the effects on the behavior of the animals. Pharmacokinetically, the area under the curve calculation is highest in the magnesium malate. The magnesium acetyl taurate was found to have the second highest area under the curve calculation. Magnesium acetyl taurate was rapidly absorbed, able to pass through to the brain easily, had the highest tissue concentration level in the brain, and was found to be associated with decreased anxiety indicators. Magnesium malate levels remained high for an extended period of time in the serum. The commonly prescribed dietary supplements magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate had the lowest bioavailability when compared to our control group. More research is needed to investigate the bioavailability of magnesium malate and acetyl taurate compounds and their effects in specific tissues and on behavior.

Magnesium, one of the basic elements for the human body, is necessary for many physiological functions. Magnesium deficiency is widely observed as a result of the reduced nutrient content of foods, over-cooking, diseases, drugs, alcohol, and caffeine consumption. Taking a dietary supplement is necessary magnesium deficiency. It has been demonstrated that absorption of organic magnesium compounds is better than absorption of inorganic compounds. The aim of this study is to investigate transitions to tissues of different organic magnesium compounds in different doses and whether there is a difference in the organic acid–bounded compounds (magnesium citrate and magnesium malate) and the amino acid–bounded compounds (magnesium acetyl taurate and magnesium glycinate), associated with transition and bioavailability. In addition, the effects of split dosages of high doses in a high volume of solvent on tissue magnesium levels are being investigated, because galenic formulation problems are regarded to prepare convenient dosage that can be taken once a day. All magnesium compounds were administered as three different doses, 45, 135, and 405 mg/70 kg elemental magnesium, were given per orally to Balbc mice. In a second set of experiments, 405 mg/70 kg high dose was divided into two doses of 202.5 mg/70 kg each and administered every 12 h. Brain, muscle tissues, and serum magnesium levels measured in all experimental groups and control 24 h later. Brain magnesium levels were found increased in all magnesium acetyl taurate administered subjects. Magnesium citrate increased muscle and brain magnesium levels in a dose-independent manner. We showed that dividing high doses of daily administered magnesium compounds did not sufficiently increase tissue magnesium levels. Although passive paracellular mechanism by solvent drag is the main mechanism of Mg absorption, other factors (electrochemical gradient effects, transcellular transporter mechanisms, magnesium status) should be effective on our results. It is necessary for further research on long-term administration of different magnesium compounds and their effect on other tissues.

Mineral carbonation of basic silicate minerals regulates atmospheric CO(2) on geological time scales by locking up carbon. Mining and spreading onto the earth's surface of fast-weathering silicates, such as olivine, has been proposed to speed up this natural CO(2) sequestration ('enhanced weathering'). While agriculture may offer an existing infrastructure, weathering rate and impacts on soil and plant are largely unknown. Our objectives were to assess weathering of olivine in soil, and its effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In a pot experiment with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), weathering during 32 weeks was inferred from bioavailability of magnesium (Mg) in soil and plant. Olivine doses were equivalent to 1630 (OLIV1), 8150, 40700 and 204000 (OLIV4) kg ha(-1). Alternatively, the soluble Mg salt kieserite was applied for reference. Olivine increased plant growth (+15.6%) and plant K concentration (+16.5%) in OLIV4. At all doses, olivine increased bioavailability of Mg and Ni in soil, as well as uptake of Mg, Si and Ni in plants. Olivine suppressed Ca uptake. Weathering estimated from a Mg balance was equivalent to 240 kg ha(-1) (14.8% of dose, OLIV1) to 2240 kg ha(-1) (1.1%, OLIV4). This corresponds to gross CO(2) sequestration of 290 to 2690 kg ha(-1) (29 10(3) to 269 10(3) kg km(-2).) Alternatively, weathering estimated from similarity with kieserite treatments ranged from 13% to 58% for OLIV1. The Olsen model for olivine carbonation predicted 4.0% to 9.0% weathering for our case, independent of olivine dose. Our % values observed at high doses were smaller than this, suggesting negative feedbacks in soil. Yet, weathering appears fast enough to support the 'enhanced weathering' concept. In agriculture, olivine doses must remain within limits to avoid imbalances in plant nutrition, notably at low Ca availability; and to avoid Ni accumulation in soil and crop.

Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is a fast and effective method to prepare nanoporous coatings with high biological activity and bonding strength. Simple micro/nano-coatings cannot fully meet the requirements of osteogenesis. To further improve the biological activity of a titanium surface, we successfully added biological magnesium (Mg ) to a coating by micro-arc oxidation and evaluated the optimal magnesium concentration in the electrolyte, biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis in vitro. Nanoporous titanium coatings with different concentrations of magnesium were prepared by micro-arc oxidation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Mg release ability of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The cytotoxicity of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was detected with live/dead double-staining tests. A CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation, and FITC-phalloidin was used to determine the structure of the cytoskeleton by staining β-actin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated by alizarin red S (ARS) staining to determine the effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation-related markers was measured using qRT-PCR. EDS analyses revealed the successful addition of magnesium to the microporous coatings. The best magnesium concentration of the electrolyte for preparing the new coating was determined. The results showed that the nano-coatings prepared using the electrolyte with 2 g/L magnesium acetate best promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). These results suggest that the new titanium metal coating with a dual effect of promoting bone morphology and supplying the biological ion Mg can be beneficial for rapid osseointegration.

Magnesium (Mg) is the main intracellular divalent cation, and under basal conditions the small intestine absorbs 30–50% of its intake. Normal serum Mg ranges between 1.7–2.3 mg/dl (0.75–0.95 mmol/l), at any age. Even though eighty percent of serum Mg is filtered at the glomerulus, only 3% of it is finally excreted in the urine. Altered magnesium balance can be found in diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, aplastic osteopathy, and heart and vascular disease. Three physiopathologic mechanisms can induce Mg deficiency: reduced intestinal absorption, increased urinary losses, or intracellular shift of this cation. Intravenous or oral Mg repletion is the main treatment, and potassium-sparing diuretics may also induce renal Mg saving. Because the kidney has a very large capacity for Mg excretion, hypermagnesemia usually occurs in the setting of renal insufficiency and excessive Mg intake. Body excretion of Mg can be enhanced by use of saline diuresis, furosemide, or dialysis depending on the clinical situation.

NeoPhylaxis is a patented two-dimensional (2D) magnesium phosphate (MgP) hydrogel, initially approved in 2023 for dental applications such as implant decontamination, it has demonstrated strong safety and efficacy. This study explores its repurposing for antimicrobial and wound healing applications. To synthesize, characterize, and investigate the antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and wound-healing potential of MgP hydrogel. The MgP hydrogel was synthesized via controlled crystallization of a sodium magnesium-phosphate system. Its structural and compositional properties were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated in vitro, while biocompatibility and wound healing efficacy were assessed in vivo using BALB/c mouse model. Mechanistic insights into the hydrogel's antibacterial properties were further investigated via SEM and TEM. MgP hydrogels exhibited a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, reducing by at least 10-fold and by over 20-fold compared to controls. SEM and TEM analyses revealed extensive bacterial cell damage, including membrane deformation and compromised cell wall integrity. Treated mice displayed no signs of irritation, erythema, or edema post hydrogel treatment. Wound closure was significantly enhanced in MgP-treated mice, reaching 46% by Day 5 vs 37% in controls (p =0.008). These findings highlight the potential of 2D MgP nanosheets as a multifunctional therapeutic agent for antimicrobial and wound healing applications.

Background/Objectives: Magnesium (Mg)-based food supplements contribute to the maintenance of adequate levels of Mg that are essential for overall health and well-being. The aim of this double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical study was to assess the plasma Mg levels in volunteers following the oral administration of a magnesium-based nutraceutical ingredient, MAGSHAPETM microcapsules (Mg-MS), in comparison to other commonly used magnesium sources, including the following: Mg Oxide (MgO), Mg Citrate (Mg-C), and Mg bisglycinate (Mg-BG). Methods: A total of 40 healthy women and men were put on a low-Mg diet for 7 days, and after 8 h of fasting, a blood sample was taken from a digital puncture before (0 h) and 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the oral intake of each product. Results: Our results showed that the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly at all tested time-points after the oral intake of Mg-MS, while the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly only after 1 and 4 h of the oral intake of MgO and Mg-C, respectively. However, no significant increase in Mg levels was observed upon the intake of Mg-BG. Interestingly, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology was observed to enable a sustained increase in plasma Mg levels over the duration of this study, i.e., 1, 4, and 6 h after oral intake. A direct comparison of the increase in plasma Mg levels over the 6 h period revealed that the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology significantly increased Mg bioavailability compared to the non-microencapsulated MgO. Our study also showed that, compared to the other Mg sources tested, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology reduced adverse side effects commonly associated with Mg supplementation, specifically with regard to increased intestinal motility and sensations of gastric heaviness following oral administration. Conclusions: Altogether, this clinical study introduced MAGSHAPETM microcapsules as a bioavailable and well-tolerated alternative to existing Mg-based ingredients used in food supplements.

Although intake of minerals has been suggested to be beneficial against depression, epidemiologic data from free-living settings are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the cross-sectional associations between the intake of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japanese employees. Participants were 1792 men and 214 women ages 19 to 69 y. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated, brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Participants with depressive symptoms were defined as those with a scale score of ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27.8%. Intakes of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc were inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of having depressive symptoms were 0.63 (0.44–0.91), 0.64 (0.47–0.88), 0.59 (0.40–0.87), and 0.63 (0.45–0.87) in the highest versus lowest tertiles of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. Results suggest that higher dietary intake of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc is associated with lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japanese employees. •In this study, we investigated the association between dietary intake of minerals and depressive symptoms among Japanese employees.•Higher intakes of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc were each found to be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive status.•The associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential dietary and non-dietary confounders.

Na + , K + -ATPase structure The sodium-potassium ATPase is an ATP-powered ion pump that creates concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells. Sodium ions are exported from the cell while potassium ions are imported producing gradients that are used for many essential processes, such as the action potentials of nerve cells. The crystal structure of this protein from shark rectal gland — highly homologous to the human version — has now been determined at 2.4 Å resolution. The structure helps elucidate many details of the protein's mechanism of action and will contribute, among other things, to the understanding and treatment of heart disease, since cardiac glycosides are inhibitors of the sodium-potassium pump. The sodium–potassium ATPase is an ATP-powered ion pump that creates concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells, a process essential, for example, in the action potentials of nerve cells. Here the crystal structure of the sodium–potassium pump in the shark, which is highly homologous to the human pump, is described. Sodium–potassium ATPase is an ATP-powered ion pump that establishes concentration gradients for Na + and K + ions across the plasma membrane in all animal cells by pumping Na + from the cytoplasm and K + from the extracellular medium 1 , 2 . Such gradients are used in many essential processes, notably for generating action potentials. Na + , K + -ATPase is a member of the P-type ATPases, which include sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase and gastric H + , K + -ATPase, among others, and is the target of cardiac glycosides. Here we describe a crystal structure of this important ion pump, from shark rectal glands, consisting of α- and β-subunits and a regulatory FXYD protein 3 , 4 , all of which are highly homologous to human ones. The ATPase was fixed in a state analogous to E2·2K + ·P i , in which the ATPase has a high affinity for K + and still binds P i , as in the first crystal structure of pig kidney enzyme at 3.5 Å resolution 5 . Clearly visualized now at 2.4 Å resolution are coordination of K + and associated water molecules in the transmembrane binding sites and a phosphate analogue (MgF 4 2- ) in the phosphorylation site. The crystal structure shows that the β-subunit has a critical role in K + binding (although its involvement has previously been suggested 6 , 7 , 8 ) and explains, at least partially, why the homologous Ca 2+ -ATPase counter-transports H + rather than K + , despite the coordinating residues being almost identical.

Microbial colonization can be detrimental to the integrity of metal surfaces and lead to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Biocorrosion is a serious problem for aquatic and marine industries in the world. In Minnesota (USA), where this study was conducted, biocorrosion severely affects the maritime transportation industry. The anticorrosion activity of a variety of compounds, including chemical (magnesium peroxide) and biological (surfactin, capsaicin, and gramicidin) molecules were investigated as coating additives. We also evaluated a previously engineered, extremely stable, non-biocidal enzyme known to interfere in bacterial signaling, SsoPox (a quorum quenching lactonase). Experimental steel coupons were submerged in water from the Duluth Superior Harbor (DSH) for 8 weeks in the laboratory. Biocorrosion was evaluated by counting the number and the coverage of corrosion tubercles on coupons and also by ESEM imaging of the coupon surface. Three experimental coating additives significantly reduced the formation of corrosion tubercles: surfactin, magnesium peroxide and the quorum quenching lactonase by 31%, 36% and 50%, respectively. DNA sequence analysis of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that these decreases in corrosion were associated with significant changes in the composition of bacterial communities on the steel surfaces. These results demonstrate the potential of highly stable quorum quenching lactonases to provide a reliable, cost-effective method to treat steel structures and prevent biocorrosion.