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"Maintainability"
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Comprehensive assessment of equipment maintainability testability and supportability
General quality characteristics can reflect the performance and quality of equipment and have great guiding significance for the design, production, trade, and use of equipment. Maintainability, testability, and supportability (MTS) are all related to equipment faults and maintenance support and have strong relevance between them. Solving the problem of the isolation of the three characteristics evaluation requires to reduce the duplication of work and improve the evaluation efficiency, comprehensively assessment methods based on model and test are proposed by analysing the correlation of the MTS parameters. In the case study, parameters of different characteristics are obtained instead of one single characteristic, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed methods compared with the traditional sequential assessment method.
Journal Article
ATLAS Qualification Interface Refactoring Strategy
The ATLAS experiment involves over 6000 active members, including students, physicists, engineers, and researchers, and more than 2500 members are authors. This dynamic CERN environment brings up some challenges, such as managing the qualification status of each author. The Qualification system, developed by the Glance team, aims to automate the processes required for ATLAS members to achieve author status. Recently, ATLAS modified the policy behind it, and updates were necessary to put it into effect. The system was developed on top of an outdated framework. In order to ease the transition to the new ATLAS authorship qualification policy, the former solution was updated to a Hexagonal architecture based on Domain Driven Design philosophy. The access to the database has shifted from ORM - Object Relational Mapper - to SQL repositories to align with the team’s development stack. The system’s quality is ensured with automatic tests as part of an effective refactoring process that is transparent to the end user. This refactoring strategy intends to enhance the system to improve code maintainability, efficiency and to increase flexibility to accommodate future changes in the qualification policy.
Journal Article
Reliability and maintainability design of the micro ammeter
The reliability design and maintainability design of the micro ammeter were made in the paper. Firstly, reliability and maintainability models for the micro ammeter were established, and corresponding predictions and allocations were made. Secondly, this paper developed an analysis tool to improve the efficiency of reliability calculations greatly. Then, three micro ammeters participated in the 612-hour reliability test, and all successfully passed the reliability assessment.
Journal Article
Building a Catalogue of ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Measures Applied in an Industrial Context
Measuring quality is extremely important while developing a software product, but there is a lack of knowledge of which are the ISO/IEC 25010 quality measures that are currently being used in the industry. Through a literature analysis of 27 studies, the present article introduces a catalogue of 269 quality measures applied in an industrial setting, which is formed by a subset of 81 metrics defined by GQM approach, a subset of 81 specific metrics for quality characteristics, and a subset of 86 metrics defined through ISO/IEC 25023 and 21 through IT-CISQ. In conclusion, it can be said that GQM is the most widely used method, regardless of standards. Likewise, Maintainability, Performance Efficiency and Usability are the quality characteristics that have shown the highest degree of interest because they are more receptive to the end user.
Journal Article
Analysis and study on the minimum allowable clearance between civil aircraft fan cowling and flaps
In the development of civil aircraft, the evaluation of the minimum allowable clearance between the fan cowl opening and flaps is a crucial factor in determining the maintainability of civil aircraft and an essential aspect of the development process for civil aircraft models. To ensure that the aircraft does not experience poor maintainability or interference issues during ground maintenance due to insufficient clearance, this paper proposes a clearance analysis method to study the minimum allowable clearance between the fan cowl opening and flaps during maintenance. The paper outlines the approach to clearance analysis, explains the principles of clearance control, and discusses factors influencing clearance. Finally, using a specific aircraft as a case study, the paper provides a detailed description of the factors to be considered in calculating and analyzing the minimum allowable clearance between the fan cowl opening and flaps. The research results also demonstrate the practical engineering value of this clearance analysis method.
Journal Article
Investigation of the Effect of Time-Dependent Covariates on Maintainability Analysis
Conventional techniques for the assessment of maintainability often focus primarily on repair time as a key determinant factor. The consideration of only the “time to repair” variable in maintainability performance evaluation can be restrictive, as several other important covariates can be influence the maintainability performance of the system. Ignoring these covariates may result in an inaccurate quantification of maintainability. Therefore, a more refined model is essential for precisely evaluate the influence of critical operational factors or covariate on maintainability, particularly for industries where system availability is of utmost importance. In maintainability analysis, the Proportional Repair Model (PRM) is widely used. This model operates under the assumption that covariates influencing maintainability, are time-independent. However, this assumption may not always hold true. Factors such as spare part availability and equipment aging can be time-‑dependent covariates. Failing to account for these time-‑dependent covariates can introduce bias into maintainability estimates. Therefore, failing to account of these time-‑dependent covariates can lead to biased estimates of maintainability. The purpose of this study is to explore the significance of time-dependent covariates in modelling maintainability.
Journal Article
Program Code Generation with Generative AIs
Our paper compares the correctness, efficiency, and maintainability of human-generated and AI-generated program code. For that, we analyzed the computational resources of AI- and human-generated program code using metrics such as time and space complexity as well as runtime and memory usage. Additionally, we evaluated the maintainability using metrics such as lines of code, cyclomatic complexity, Halstead complexity and maintainability index. For our experiments, we had generative AIs produce program code in Java, Python, and C++ that solves problems defined on the competition coding website leetcode.com. We selected six LeetCode problems of varying difficulty, resulting in 18 program codes generated by each generative AI. GitHub Copilot, powered by Codex (GPT-3.0), performed best, solving 9 of the 18 problems (50.0%), whereas CodeWhisperer did not solve a single problem. BingAI Chat (GPT-4.0) generated correct program code for seven problems (38.9%), ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) and Code Llama (Llama 2) for four problems (22.2%) and StarCoder and InstructCodeT5+ for only one problem (5.6%). Surprisingly, although ChatGPT generated only four correct program codes, it was the only generative AI capable of providing a correct solution to a coding problem of difficulty level hard. In summary, 26 AI-generated codes (20.6%) solve the respective problem. For 11 AI-generated incorrect codes (8.7%), only minimal modifications to the program code are necessary to solve the problem, which results in time savings between 8.9% and even 71.3% in comparison to programming the program code from scratch.
Journal Article
OPLA-Tool-ASP: a Tool to Prevent Architectural Smells in Search-based Product Line Architecture Design
Search-based algorithms have been successfully employed in Product Line Architecture (PLA) design in the seminal approach named Multi-Objective Approach for Product-Line Architecture Design (MOA4PLA). This approach generates a set of alternative PLA designs, which optimize different architectural properties. In addition to these properties, the alternative PLA designs should have as few architectural smells as possible. Architectural smells can negatively impact PLA variability, PLA extensibility, SPL maintainability, and other non-functional attributes. However, one of the main findings of a previous study is that the tool that automates the application of MOA4PLA adversely introduces architectural smells in the automatically generated solutions. In this work, we present OPLA-Tool-ASP, which is a tool that implements guidelines to detect and prevent the architectural smells Unused Interface, Unused Brick, Concern Overload, and Link Overload in the context of MOA4PLA. An empirical study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of OPLA-Tool-ASP in preventing the aforementioned smells in the resulting PLA designs. The obtained results pointed out that the proposed tool is effective in both preventing the smells and improving the architectural properties selected for optimization.
Journal Article
Software architecture at Sirius’ MOGNO beamline, towards a web-based system
MOGNO beamline, the micro and nanotomography beamline of the synchrotron light source Sirius, at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), supports a variety of tomographic experiments including regular, zoom and panoramic tomographies, and high throughput, as well as in-situ experiments. The existing control software is based on EPICS and uses Python and the PyEpics library for the device abstraction layer that is made available for different control routines. To ensure ease of use, these routines are maily accesed via PyQt/PyDM GUIs at the beamline’s control terminals. Looking to reduce the dependency on the control terminals, a transition towards a web-based control system is proposed, where maintainability, availability and safety, are enhanced. The new architecture is based on a microservices that provide APIs for experiment control and data processing, centralizing tasks on a server and allowing for access through the same GUIs already in use with few changes. Moreover, the decoupling will enable the move to a standardized backend, following facility-wide efforts, such as the use of the Bluesky stack. Importantly, the proposed architecture also enables the use of standard tools for security on its different layers, such as authentication methods, HTTPS, and user management. As proof of concept, the system has been deployed for data reconstruction at the beamline, managing job submission to an HPC cluster via a PyQt GUI.
Journal Article