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The earliest extant mathematical books from China contain a lot of problems and data about grains. They also betray a close relationship with imperial bureaucracy in this respect. Indeed, these texts quote administrative regulations about grains. For instance, the Book on mathematical procedures 箅數書, found in a tomb sealed ca. 186 BCE, has a section in common with the \"regulations on granaries\" from the Qin statutes in eighteen domains, known thanks to slips excavated at Shuihudi. Mathematical writings also deal with official vessels used to measure grains. They cast light on statements from, and practices evidenced by, official histories and administrative documents. This article addresses the following issues.

In the High Plains, sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae), colonize grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench (Cyperales: Poaceae), when it is in reproductive stages and aphid populations increase rapidly. Sugarcane aphid management recommendations based on aphid densities have been implemented in southern United States, but have not been assessed in the High Plains. Therefore, the goal of this work was to validate whether these guidelines can provide effective suppression of the aphids and improve yield. In a 2-y field experiment, sorghum susceptible (DKS44-20) and resistant (DKS37-07) to sugarcane aphids, with and without insecticide (clothianidin) seed treatments, was exposed to natural aphid infestations and treated with a foliar insecticide (flupyradifurone) once sugarcane aphid densities exceeded 50 per leaf. Further, to assess the effects of these tactics on sorghum yield, data were collected from plots that were not treated at the threshold. In both years, foliar insecticide applied at the density-based threshold decreased aphid numbers across sorghum hybrids with and without seed treatments and aphid densities remained below threshold for the remainder of the season. Yield of sorghum depended on sugarcane aphid pressure—when their densities were high (2016), the resistant hybrid with and without the foliar spray outperformed the unsprayed susceptible hybrid, while the susceptible hybrid had higher yields than resistant hybrid when sugarcane aphid pressure was low (2017). Outcomes of this work support the notion that a well-timed foliar application can alleviated losses in yield in sorghum in the Texas Panhandle and potentially other regions of the High Plains.

Conventional grain monitoring systems often rely on isolated data points (e.g., point-based temperature measurements), limiting holistic condition assessment. This study proposes a novel Mechanism and Data Driven (MDD) framework that integrates physical mechanisms with real-time sensor data. The framework quantitatively analyzes solar radiation and external air temperature effects on silo boundaries and introduces a novel interpolation-optimized model parameter initialization technique to enable comprehensive grain condition perception. Rigorous multidimensional validation confirms the method’s accuracy: The novel initialization technique achieved high precision, demonstrating only 1.89% error in Day-2 low-temperature zone predictions (27.02 m2 measured vs. 26.52 m2 simulated). Temperature fields were accurately reconstructed (≤0.5 °C deviation in YOZ planes), capturing spatiotemporal dynamics with ≤0.45 m2 maximum low-temperature zone deviation. Cloud map comparisons showed superior simulation fidelity (SSIM > 0.97). Further analysis revealed a 22.97% reduction in total low-temperature zone area (XOZ plane), with Zone 1 (near south exterior wall) declining 27.64%, Zone 2 (center) 25.30%, and Zone 3 20.35%. For dynamic evolution patterns, high-temperature zones exhibit low moisture (<14%), while low-temperature zones retain elevated moisture (>14%). A strong positive correlation between temperature and relative humidity fields; temperature homogenization drives humidity uniformity. The framework enables holistic monitoring, providing actionable insights for smart ventilation control, condensation risk warnings, and mold prevention. It establishes a robust foundation for intelligent grain storage management, ultimately reducing post-harvest losses.

The present study concerns a longue durée evolution of the ancient Egyptian Snw.ty from the time of its foundation during the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom (ca 2600–1650 BC). During this time, Snw.ty was the apex of the royal grain management as an important royal tool and intermediary between the producers and receivers of the grain. The objective of this study is to determine how Snw.ty was used during this time and how its operations transformed with respect to changing royal administration and policies. The analysis is based on observation of term’s use transformations which might be indicative of its changing sense, as found in written documents referring to both Snw.ty and related Snw.wt installations.

A dynamic model is presented of a household's joint production, storage, and trade decisions when facing transaction costs and risk in prices and yields. Grain management decisions balance the goals of maximising profits and reducing consumption price risk. Model solutions calibrated to Chinese data show that grain's consumption role makes it an attractive form of precautionary saving even when households have access to credit, the joint nature of production and savings decisions limits the income loss associated with risk-coping, and the desire to store grain can explain why subsistence households are frequently net purchasers but rarely net sellers of grain.

The tolerance of cereal rye to eight herbicides registered for use in wheat, at two rates, was evaluated for potential labeling in cereal rye to expand limited chemical weed control options. Across five site-years, halauxifen-methyl + florasulam, pyroxsulam, and thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl applied at a 2X rate to cereal rye at Zadoks (Z) 13 caused less than 15% injury and had no impact on cereal rye density. These herbicides at the 2X rate reduced cereal rye heights 11% at 10 days after treatment (DAT), with rye recovering by 31 DAT; cereal rye heights were not reduced with these herbicides at their 1X rate. In contrast, significant injury was observed with the 1X rate of mesosulfuron-methyl (45%), pinoxaden (27%), and pinoxaden + fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (30%) applied postemergence; early-season height was reduced 19% to 26%. Residual herbicide pyroxasulfone applied as a delayed preemergence at Z 10 and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone applied at Z 11 caused 27% to 28% and 16% to 47% injury, respectively, when the 1X rate was activated by rainfall within 2 d of application. These residual herbicides reduced cereal rye height and density up to 35% and 40%, respectively. Cereal rye grain yield was not influenced by herbicide or rate applied. Nomenclature: fenoxaprop-P-ethyl; flumioxazin; halauxifen-methyl; pyroxasulfone; florasulam; mesosulfuron-methyl; pinoxaden; pyroxsulam; thifensulfuron-methyl; tribenuron-methyl; cereal rye, Secale cereale L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.

Grain Scale Management (GSM) is a crucial factor in ensuring national food security. However, in countries facing rigid resource constraints and complex land tenure relationships, the strategy of promoting large-scale grain management through land management rights transfer may not be sustainable. Therefore, based on the traditional agricultural division of labor theory, we analyze the mechanism and rationality of Agricultural Production Socialization Services (APSS) with scale characteristics to promote GSM and propose a new approach to GSM with empirical evidence from China. Using county-level panel data from Hubei province spanning from 2010 to 2021, we construct a multi-period double difference model based on the difference in the time of the establishment of pilot agricultural production socialization service counties in Hubei province. Our empirical results demonstrate the role of APSS in promoting GSM at the macro level. Specifically, the establishment of pilot counties for APSS significantly improves the level of local GSM. Furthermore, our study reveals that the degree of local financial intervention, regional industrial structure, and regional topography have heterogeneous effects on the implementation of the policy.

This paper discusses how to design and implement the stored grain management system based on graphic variable in GIS environment. A simulation model based on graphic variable for implementing stored grain management was developed in order to implement simple and high efficiency management for a number of stored grain warehouses. The temperature and moisture of stored grain were presented by vector curves or graphic variable that was stored in GIS. Thus, GIS powerful function to process graphic makes the prediction of temperature and moisture of stored grain become simpler.

Management of Tribolium castaneum was studied in relation to packaging materials and food types with phosphine fumigation. Penetration ability of the beetles was checked for three packaging types' viz., polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Out of the 3 packaging materials PE was a susceptible packaging as compared to the other two types. The efficacy of phosphine was tested against T. castaneumin four commodities viz., wheat, rice, whole-wheat flour and semolina, which were packed in four different packaging types namely PE, PVC, PP and jute bags. Experiments were conducted to check the comparative mortality of T. castaneum with phosphine fumigation as affected by the above two factors. Efficacy of phosphine was evaluated at 1.5 g/m3dose measured after 2 and 4 days exposure period. Maximum mean mortality was generated after 4 days of treatment than after 2 day exposure period. This was irrespective of the other two factors i.e. packaging material and food types. The data are extremely useful for the management of T. castaneum with phosphine fumigation while using tin type storage containers.

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