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Manatees
Explores the world of manatees, including their habitats, physical characteristics, diet, behavior, and threats to their environment.
Book
Trends of the Florida manatee
A retrospective study of admission data of 401 West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) presented to the David A. Straz Jr. Manatee Critical Care Center at ZooTampa at Lowry Park (ZooTampa) for rehabilitation from August 1991 through October 2017. Causes of admittance, location of rescue, gender, and age class were all recorded for each manatee admitted. Admittance categories as defined by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) included watercraft collisions, natural causes, entanglement, entrapment, orphaned calves, captive born, mothers of rescued calves, calves of rescued mothers, human, and other. The admitted population was primarily from the southwest and northwest coasts and related waterways of Florida. The gender difference was relatively equivocal (54% female) while the adults comprised 79% of the admissions. The overall total admissions increased steadily over the study period as did the admissions for each individual categories of admission. Watercraft collisions and natural causes combined were 71% of all admissions for the entire study period and are the dominant causes of admission. Watercraft collisions are more likely to occur during May through October, whereas natural causes of admittance are more likely to occur between December and March. Rehabilitated manatees may reduce overall manatee mortality and can provide insight into population-based health concerns if evaluated appropriately. Future efforts can incorporate physical examination findings, hematology, biochemistry profiles, and ancillary diagnostic testing to continue to improve the individual welfare of this marine mammal in its natural range. Admissions data could also potentially serve the wider conservation and recovery efforts if it is proven that the data obtained is at least as informative as that obtained by the carcass salvage program. Limited conservation resources could then be re-directed as new challenges arise with the expanding population and potentially expanding range of this species.
Journal Article
Face to face with manatees
\"You're deep inside an endangered habitat. In the blue waters of southern Florida you come face to face with nature's gentle giant. Meet the manatee. He's playful, sometimes clumsy, and he rolls around when he's happy. Hear that?! He just squealed with delight. Learn why his world is under threat from pollution and development, and what young environmentalists can do to protect that world.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Ancestral chromosomal signatures of Paenungulata as the oldest among American manatees
Chromosomal painting in manatees has clarified questions about the rapid evolution of sirenians within the Paenungulata clade. Further cytogenetic studies in Afrotherian species may provide information about their evolutionary dynamics, revealing important insights into the ancestral karyotype in the clade representatives. The karyotype of Trichechus inunguis (TIN, Amazonian manatee) was investigated by chromosome painting, using probes from Trichechus manatus latirostris (TML, Florida manatee) to analyze the homeologies between these sirenians. A high similarity was found between these species, with 31 homologous segments in TIN, nineteen of which are whole autosomes, besides the X and Y sex chromosomes. Four chromosomes from TML (4, 6, 8, and 9) resulted in two hybridization signals, totaling eight acrocentrics in the TIN karyotype. This study confirmed in TIN the chromosomal associations of Homo sapiens (HSA) shared in Afrotheria, such as the 5/21 synteny, and in the Paenungulata clade with the syntenies HSA 2/3, 8/22, and 18/19, in addition to the absence of HSA 4/8 common in eutherian ancestral karyotype (EAK). TIN shares more conserved chromosomal signals with the Paenungulata Ancestral Karyotype (APK, 2n = 58) than Procavia capensis (Hyracoidea), Loxodonta africana (Proboscidea) and TML (Sirenia), where TML presents less conserved signals with APK, demonstrating that its karyotype is the most derived among the representatives of Paenungulata. The chromosomal changes that evolved from APK to the T. manatus and T. inunguis karyotypes (7 and 4 changes, respectively) are more substantial within the Trichechus genus compared to other paenungulates. Among these species, T. inunguis presents conserved traits of APK in the American manatee genus. Consequently, the karyotype of T. manatus is more derived than that of T. inunguis.
Journal Article
Saving the manatee
In this book, early fluent readers will learn how the manatee came back from the brink of extinction.
Book
Factors influencing survival of rescued Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) during clinical rehabilitation in Peru
The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), a vulnerable species native to the Amazon River Basin, is threatened by habitat loss, illegal hunting, and pollution. Rehabilitation centers rescue, rear, and release manatees negatively impacted by human activities. Factors characterizing the survival of rescued manatees at these rehabilitation centers remain unclear. We analyzed data from 54 rescued manatees at a rehabilitation center in the Peruvian Amazon, assessing factors hypothesized to be predictors of the probability of survival during the rehabilitation process. We found that initial weight at intake and the rate of weight gain while at the center were significantly associated with a higher probability of survival. Intestinal obstruction, often linked to inappropriate diets prior to rescue, was the leading cause of death while in rehabilitation (13 of 54 individuals; 24%). Early intervention to transport orphaned calves to rescue centers and equipping local authorities with resources for short‐term care until transportation is possible could improve rescue outcomes. The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) faces threats like habitat loss, illegal hunting, and pollution. Our analysis of 54 rescued manatees in a Peruvian Amazon rehabilitation center revealed that initial weight and rate of weight gain significantly influenced survival during rehabilitation, while intestinal obstruction, often from prior inappropriate diets, was the leading cause of death. Early intervention and better resources for local authorities could enhance rescue outcomes.
Journal Article
This is a sea cow
As a young child writes a school report about sea cows, or manatees, her subject tries to defend herself against unflattering comparisons to a \"land cow.\" Includes facts about manatees and links to sites where one can adopt a manatee.
CHILDBOOK
Hard X-Ray Emission from the Eastern Jet of SS 433 Powering the W50 “Manatee” Nebula: Evidence for Particle Reacceleration
We present a broadband X-ray study of W50 (the “Manatee” nebula), the complex region powered by the microquasar SS 433, that provides a test bed for several important astrophysical processes. The W50 nebula, a Galactic PeVatron candidate, is classified as a supernova remnant but has an unusual double-lobed morphology likely associated with the jets from SS 433. Using NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, and Chandra observations of the inner eastern lobe of W50, we have detected hard nonthermal X-ray emission up to ∼30 keV, originating from a few-arcminute-sized knotty region (“Head”) located ≲18′ (29 pc for a distance of 5.5 kpc) east of SS 433, and constrained its photon index to 1.58 ± 0.05 (0.5–30 keV band). The index gradually steepens eastward out to the radio “ear” where thermal soft X-ray emission with a temperature kT ∼ 0.2 keV dominates. The hard X-ray knots mark the location of acceleration sites within the jet and require an equipartition magnetic field of the order of ≳12 μG. The unusually hard spectral index from the “Head” region challenges classical particle acceleration processes and points to particle injection and reacceleration in the subrelativistic SS 433 jet, as seen in blazars and pulsar wind nebulae.
Journal Article
Manatee rescue
When her father successfully harpoons a manatee, leaving its baby orphaned, Manuela vows to rescue the calf and return it to the river, helping change the attitudes of the people in her village in the process.
Book
The river at night: nocturnal foraging of the Amazonian manatee on the riverside plant maracarãna (polygonaceae)
Animals adopt various behavioral strategies to meet their biological needs, often adjusting their activity cycles. While some species restrict their activities to specific periods within the 24-hour light and dark cycle, others are cathemeral, showing flexible activity patterns that include both day and night. This study investigates the cathemeral activity of Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) in Anavilhanas National Park, Brazil, with a focus on their nocturnal behavior and ecological adaptability. Using thermal cameras, we recorded nocturnal feeding for the first time, highlighting the manatees’ flexibility beyond the typical diurnal–nocturnal cycle. Our findings reveal that manatees adjust their feeding strategies according to seasonal vegetation availability and water levels. Specifically, they feed at night on the riparian plant maracarãna (Coccoloba densifrons), which is only accessible during the flood season. This nocturnal behavior likely helps minimize predation risk and enhances foraging efficiency. These insights significantly improve our understanding of manatee ecological behavior in the Amazon, demonstrating their adaptability to environmental changes. The study underscores the importance of considering cathemeral activity in conservation strategies to ensure the ongoing protection of Amazonian manatees against environmental and human pressures.
Journal Article