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Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight
Since its inception, the U.S. human spaceflight program has grown from launching a single man into orbit to an ongoing space presence involving numerous crewmembers. As the U.S. space program evolves, propelled in part by increasing international and commercial collaborations, long duration or exploration spaceflights - such as extended stays on the International Space Station or missions to Mars - become more realistic. These types of missions will likely expose crews to levels of known risk that are beyond those allowed by current health standards, as well as to a range of risks that are poorly characterized, uncertain, and perhaps unforeseeable. As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Congress discuss the next generation of NASA's missions and the U.S. role in international space efforts, it is important to understand the ethical factors that drive decision making about health standards and mission design for NASA activities.
NASA asked the Institute of Medicine to outline the ethics principles and practices that should guide the agency's decision making for future long duration or exploration missions that fail to meet existing health standards. Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight identifies an ethics framework, which builds on the work of NASA and others, and presents a set of recommendations for ethically assessing and responding to the challenges associated with health standards for long duration and exploration spaceflight.As technologies improve and longer and more distant spaceflight becomes feasible, NASA and its international and commercial partners will continue to face complex decisions about risk acceptability.
This report provides a roadmap for ethically assessing and responding to the challenges associated with NASA's health standards for long duration and exploration missions. Establishing and maintaining a firmly grounded ethics framework for this inherently risky activity is essential to guide NASA's decisions today and to create a strong foundation for decisions about future challenges and opportunities.
eBook
The history of human space flight
\"Highlighting men and women across the globe who have dedicated themselves to pushing the limits of space exploration, this book surveys the programs, technological advancements, medical equipment, and automated systems that have made space travel possible.\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Safely to Earth
National Federation of Press Women National Communications Contest, First Place for Autobiography/Memoir Delaware Press Association Communications Contest, First Place for Autobiography/Memoir In this one-of-a-kind memoir, Jack Clemons—a former lead engineer in support of NASA—takes readers behind the scenes and into the inner workings of the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs during their most exciting years. Discover the people, the events, and the risks involved in one of the most important parts of space missions: bringing the astronauts back home to Earth. Clemons joined Project Apollo in 1968, a young engineer inspired by science fiction and electrified by John F. Kennedy's challenge to the nation to put a man on the moon. He describes his experiences supporting the NASA engineering team at what is now the Johnson Space Center in Houston, where he played a pivotal role in designing the reentry and landing procedures for Apollo astronauts and providing live support as part of the Mission Control Center's backroom team. He went on to work on Skylab and the Space Shuttle Program, eventually assuming leadership for the entire integrated software system on board the Space Shuttle. Through personal stories, Clemons introduces readers to many of the unsung heroes of the Apollo and Space Shuttle missions—the people who worked side by side with NASA engineers supporting reentry and landing for each Apollo mission and the software team who fashioned the computer programs that accompanied the crews on the Space Shuttle. Clemons worked closely with astronauts who relied on him and his fellow engineers for directions to their destination, guidance on how to get there, control of their fate during their journeys, and a safe return. He reveals problems, challenges, and near-disasters previously unknown to the public and offers candid opinions on the preventable failures that led to the loss of fourteen astronauts in the Challenger and Columbia tragedies. Highlighting the staggering responsibility and the incredible technological challenges that Clemons and his colleagues took on in the race to reach the moon and explore the mysteries of space, this book is a fascinating insider's view of some of the greatest adventures of the twentieth century.
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Into the Void
The world had been fascinated with astronauts and
spaceflight since well before the first crewed launches in 1961,
when Yuri Gagarin, Alan Shepard, and John Glenn became household
names. But when Alexei Leonov of the Soviet Union exited his
spacecraft in March of 1965, a new era in spaceflight began. And
when Ed White, clad in his gleaming space suit with a large
American flag on his left shoulder, eased himself outside his
Gemini spacecraft later that year, Americans too had a new space
hero. They also learned a new acronym: EVA, short for
extravehicular activity, more commonly known as
“spacewalking.” Though few understood the tremendous
risks White was taking in his twenty-two-minute space walk,
Americans watched with immense pride and patriotism as White,
tethered to
Gemini 4 , propelled himself around the spacecraft with a
pressurized oxygen-fueled zip gun. But White’s struggle to
fit his space-suited body back inside the claustrophobic Gemini
spacecraft and close the hatch confirmed what NASA should have
known: spacewalking wasn’t easy. More than fifty years and
hundreds of space walks later, the art of EVA has evolved. The
first space walks, preparation for walking on the moon, intended
to prove that humans could function in raw space inside their own
miniature spacecraft—a space suit. After the end of the
lunar program, both the Americans and Soviets turned their focus
to long-duration flights on space stations in low Earth orbit,
and space walks were crucial to the success of these missions.
The construction of the International Space Station—the
most sophisticated spacecraft to date—required hundreds of
hours of work by spacewalkers from many countries. In
Into the Void John Youskauskas and Melvin Croft tell the
unique story of those who have ventured outside the spacecraft
into the unforgiving vacuum of space as we set our sights on the
moon, Mars, and beyond.
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Private space travel
\"For years, only trained astronauts were allowed to travel through space, but now lots of companies are creating spacecraft that will allow regular people to experience space for themselves. World View Enterprises wants to take people to near space using a helium balloon. And Virgin Galactic has already sold hundreds of tickets for a ride on its Unity spacecraft. But is this kind of space travel safe? Will these new spacecraft be able to get off the ground?\"--Amazon.com.
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Shattered Dreams
Shattered Dreamsdelves into the personal stories and recollections of several men and women who were in line to fly a specific or future space mission but lost that opportunity due to personal reasons, mission cancellations, or even tragedies. While some of the subjects are familiar names in spaceflight history, the accounts of others are told here for the first time. Colin Burgess features spaceflight candidates from the United States, Russia, Indonesia, Australia, and Great Britain.Shattered Dreamsbrings to new life such episodes and upheavals in spaceflight history as the saga of the three Apollo missions that were cancelled due to budgetary constraints and never flew; NASA astronaut Patricia Hilliard Robertson, who died of burn injuries after her airplane crashed before she had a chance to fly into space; and a female cosmonaut who might have become the first journalist to fly in space. Another NASA astronaut was preparing to fly an Apollo mission before he was diagnosed with a disqualifying illness. There is also the amazing story of the pilot who could have bailed out of his damaged aircraft but held off while heroically avoiding a populated area and later applied to NASA to fulfill his cherished dream of becoming an astronaut despite having lost both legs in the accident. These are the incredibly human stories of competitive realists fired with an unquenchable passion. Their accounts reveal in their own words-and those of others close to them-how their shared ambition would go awry through personal accidents, illness, theChallengerdisaster, death, or other circumstances.
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Space flights
\"For more than 50 years, humans have been exploring space. How do we get there? Why do we go? And where will we go next? Discover the wonders of space flight from the past, present, and far into the future.\"--Publisher marketing.
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Homesteading Space
As the United States and the Soviet Union went from exploring space to living in it, a space station was conceived as the logical successor to the Apollo moon program. But between conception and execution there was the vastness of space itself, to say nothing of monumental technological challenges.Homesteading Space, by two of Skylab's own astronauts and a NASA journalist, tells the dramatic story of America's first space station from beginning to fiery end.
Homesteading Spaceis much more than a story of technological and scientific success; it is also an absorbing, sometimes humorous, often inspiring account of the determined, hardworking individuals who shepherded the program through a near-disastrous launch, a heroic rescue, and an exhausting study of Comet Kohoutek, as well as the lab's ultimate descent into the Indian Ocean. Featuring the unpublished in-flight diary of astronaut Alan Bean, the book is replete with the personal recollections and experiences of the Skylab crew and those who worked with them in training, during the mission, and in bringing them safely home.
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