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The worldview as reflected in the textbooks of the People's Republic of China during 1949–1966 centred on Party-led nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism. This article emphasizes both the continuities and changes in nationalist ideology during the Republican and Maoist periods. First, textbooks in Maoist China presented the imperialist powers as shifting away from Britain, Russia and Japan under the KMT government and towards the United States (since 1949) and the Soviet Union (since the 1960s), and emphasized class struggle. Second, the CCP had far greater control over the production of textbooks than the KMT. In this sense, the CCP truly carried out “partified” (danghua) education, a goal shared by the KMT which it never had the ability to achieve. In addition, “the language of Cultural Revolution” appeared with the outbreak of the Korean War. In other words, the education that cultivated revolutionary successors began in the early 1950s.

Confucianization declares that China's future should emerge from its tradition and should be constructed in accordance with the spirit of Confucianism. Here, Kang Xiaoguang explains why China should be Confucianized rather than Westernized, why benevolent government is the best politics for China, and why Western democracy can't be benevolent government. He adds that the heirs of Confucius and Laozi should not content themselves with copying the experience of the West and should instead devise a new political system that draws on Confucian philosophy.