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Research on the diversity of thalloid liverworts and hornworts in North Sumatra has never been reported in sufficient. These plants have an ecological role and potential as a material for medicines. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to identify the species of thalloid liverworts and hornworts in North Sumatra. The research was conducted using the exploration method, exploring along the existing paths at the research site. The results of the study identified as many as 13 species of thalloid liverworts belonging to 6 families and 2 species of hornworts belonging to 2 families. The largest family is Marchantiaceae consisting of 6 species and 2 sub species, while the other families consist of one species. In this paper, a brief description and pictures of each species obtained are provided.

Premise Phylogenetic trees of bryophytes provide important evolutionary context for land plants. However, published inferences of overall embryophyte relationships vary considerably. We performed phylogenomic analyses of bryophytes and relatives using both mitochondrial and plastid gene sets, and investigated bryophyte plastome evolution. Methods We employed diverse likelihood‐based analyses to infer large‐scale bryophyte phylogeny for mitochondrial and plastid data sets. We tested for changes in purifying selection in plastid genes of a mycoheterotrophic liverwort (Aneura mirabilis) and a putatively mycoheterotrophic moss (Buxbaumia), and compared 15 bryophyte plastomes for major structural rearrangements. Results Overall land‐plant relationships conflict across analyses, generally weakly. However, an underlying (unrooted) four‐taxon tree is consistent across most analyses and published studies. Despite gene coverage patchiness, relationships within mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are largely congruent with previous studies, with plastid results generally better supported. Exclusion of RNA edit sites restores cases of unexpected non‐monophyly to monophyly for Takakia and two hornwort genera. Relaxed purifying selection affects multiple plastid genes in mycoheterotrophic Aneura but not Buxbaumia. Plastid genome structure is nearly invariant across bryophytes, but the tufA locus, presumed lost in embryophytes, is unexpectedly retained in several mosses. Conclusions A common unrooted tree underlies embryophyte phylogeny, [(liverworts, mosses), (hornworts, vascular plants)]; rooting inconsistency across studies likely reflects substantial distance to algal outgroups. Analyses combining genomic and transcriptomic data may be misled locally for heavily RNA‐edited taxa. The Buxbaumia plastome lacks hallmarks of relaxed selection found in mycoheterotrophic Aneura. Autotrophic bryophyte plastomes, including Buxbaumia, hardly vary in overall structure.

Copyright Lars Söderström et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCBY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

A phylogenetic arrangement of the 130 liverwort genera, comprising 582 species, that occur in North America north of Mexico is followed by an alphabetical synopsis of genera, species, subspecies, and varieties currently recognized. The treatment of each taxon includes pertinent synonyms, excluded names, and explanatory comments regarding currently accepted changes in taxon names and authors. Such updating has required making nine new combinations, as follows: Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens (Dicks.) Váňa & L. Söderstr. var. bifida (R. M. Schust.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; F. connivens (Dicks.) Váňa & L. Söderstr. var. compacta (Warnst.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; F. pleniceps (Austin) Lindb. var. sphagnorum (C. Massal.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; Isopaches bicrenatus (Schmidel ex Hoffm.) H. Buch var. immersus (R.M. Schust. & Damsh.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; Mesoptychia badensis (Gottsche ex Rabenh.) L. Söderstr. & Váňa var. apiculata (R. M. Schust.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; Neoorthocaulis hyperboreus (R. M. Schust.) L. Söderstr., De Roo & Hedd. subsp. helophilus (R. M. Schust.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; Schistochilopsis grandiretis (Lindb. ex Kaal.) Konstant. subsp. proteidea (Arnell) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; Tritomaria capitata (Hook.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov.; T. laxa (Lindb.) Stotler & Crand.-Stotl., comb. nov. The basionym citations for these new combinations can be found in the text treatments of these taxa. Thirty-four new heterotypic synonyms, distributed among 27 accepted taxa, have been proposed, primarily as a consequence of nomenclatural updating (see Appendix 1 for a list). Type species are indicated for all genera and basionyms are included, where appropriate. Distributional data, based primarily on literature reports, are also provided for each infrageneric taxon.

Hornworts, liverworts and mosses are three early diverging clades of land plants, and together comprise the bryophytes. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the hornwort Anthoceros angustus . Phylogenomic inferences confirm the monophyly of bryophytes, with hornworts sister to liverworts and mosses. The simple morphology of hornworts correlates with low genetic redundancy in plant body plan, while the basic transcriptional regulation toolkit for plant development has already been established in this early land plant lineage. Although the Anthoceros genome is small and characterized by minimal redundancy, expansions are observed in gene families related to RNA editing, UV protection and desiccation tolerance. The genome of A. angustus bears the signatures of horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi, in particular of genes operating in stress-response and metabolic pathways. Our study provides insight into the unique features of hornworts and their molecular adaptations to live on land. A draft genome sequence of the hornwort Anthoceros augustus confirms the phylogenetic relationships among the three clades of bryophytes and provides insight into the unique characteristics of hornworts and their adaptations to live on land.

Extant land plants consist of two deeply divergent groups, tracheophytes and bryophytes, which shared a common ancestor some 500 million years ago. While information about vascular plants and the two of the three lineages of bryophytes, the mosses and liverworts, is steadily accumulating, the biology of hornworts remains poorly explored. Yet, as the sister group to liverworts and mosses, hornworts are critical in understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. Until recently, there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation, which hampered detailed insight into the molecular biology and genetics of this unique group of land plants. The emerging hornwort model species, Anthoceros agrestis, is instrumental in our efforts to better understand not only hornwort biology but also fundamental questions of land plant evolution. To this end, here we provide an overview of hornwort biology and current research on the model plant A. agrestis to highlight its potential in answering key questions of land plant biology and evolution.

Hornworts comprise a bryophyte lineage that diverged from other extant land plants >400 million years ago and bears unique biological features, including a distinct sporophyte architecture, cyanobacterial symbiosis and a pyrenoid-based carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). Here, we provide three high-quality genomes of Anthoceros hornworts. Phylogenomic analyses place hornworts as a sister clade to liverworts plus mosses with high support. The Anthoceros genomes lack repeat-dense centromeres as well as whole-genome duplication, and contain a limited transcription factor repertoire. Several genes involved in angiosperm meristem and stomatal function are conserved in Anthoceros and upregulated during sporophyte development, suggesting possible homologies at the genetic level. We identified candidate genes involved in cyanobacterial symbiosis and found that LCIB , a Chlamydomonas CCM gene, is present in hornworts but absent in other plant lineages, implying a possible conserved role in CCM function. We anticipate that these hornwort genomes will serve as essential references for future hornwort research and comparative studies across land plants. Analyses of three high-quality genomes of Anthoceros hornworts place hornworts as a sister clade to the lineage including liverworts and mosses, and provide insights into the unique biological features of hornworts.

The discovery that Mucoromycotina, an ancient and partially saprotrophic fungal lineage, associates with the basal liverwort lineage Haplomitriopsida casts doubt on the widely held view that Glomeromycota formed the sole ancestral plant–fungus symbiosis. Whether this association is mutualistic, and how its functioning was affected by the fall in atmospheric CO₂concentration that followed plant terrestrialization in the Palaeozoic, remains unknown. We measured carbon‐for‐nutrient exchanges between Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi under simulated mid‐Palaeozoic (1500 ppm) and near‐contemporary (440 ppm) CO₂concentrations using isotope tracers, and analysed cytological differences in plant–fungal interactions. Concomitantly, we cultured both partners axenically, resynthesized the associations in vitro, and characterized their cytology. We demonstrate that liverwort–Mucoromycotina symbiosis is mutualistic and mycorrhiza‐like, but differs from liverwort–Glomeromycota symbiosis in maintaining functional efficiency of carbon‐for‐nutrient exchange between partners across CO₂concentrations. Inoculation of axenic plants with Mucoromycotina caused major cytological changes affecting the anatomy of plant tissues, similar to that observed in wild‐collected plants colonized by Mucoromycotina fungi. By demonstrating reciprocal exchange of carbon for nutrients between partners, our results provide support for Mucoromycotina establishing the earliest mutualistic symbiosis with land plants. As symbiotic functional efficiency was not compromised by reduced CO₂, we suggest that other factors led to the modern predominance of the Glomeromycota symbiosis.

• TCP transcription factors are key regulators of angiosperm cell proliferation processes. It is unknown whether their regulatory growth capacities are conserved across land plants, which we examined in liverworts, one of the earliest diverging land plant lineages. • We generated knockout mutants for MpTCP1, the single TCP-P clade gene in Marchantia polymorpha, and characterized its function by conducting cell proliferation and morphological analyses as well as messenger RNA expression, transcriptome, chemical, and DNA binding studies. • Mptcp1ge lines show a reduced vegetative thallus growth and extra tissue formation in female reproductive structures. Additionally, mutant plants reveal increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels and an enhanced pigmentation in the thallus caused by formation of secondary metabolites, such as aminochromes. MpTCP1 proteins interact redox dependently with DNA and regulate the expression of a comprehensive redox network, comprising enzymes involved in H₂O₂ metabolism. • MpTCP1 regulates Marchantia growth in a context-dependent manner. Redox sensitivity of the DNA binding capacity of MpTCP1 proteins provides a mechanism to respond to altered redox conditions. Our data suggest that MpTCP1 activity could thereby have contributed to diversification of land plant morphologies and to adaptations to abiotic and biotic challenges, as experienced by liverworts during early land plant colonization.

The article presents the results investigating the species composition of the bryophytes based on field research of mire ecosystems of the Big Shantar Island. This study found a total of 75 bryophyte species, including 60 species of which belong to mosses and 15 species of liverworts. The most species-rich family of bryophytes of the National Park, Sphagnaceae includes 22 species. The sections Cuspidata comprises 8 species and Acutifolia – 8 species. Calliergonaceae (7 species) is the most represented family of the Bryopsida (38 species), and Scapaniaceae (5 species) and Cephaloziaceae (4 species) are the largest taxa of liverworts. The distribution of the identified species is considered in relation to the sites of mires.