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result(s) for
"Marey"
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QTL identification and characterization of the recombination landscape of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)
Insect pests can rapidly accumulate in number and thrive in diverse environments, making them valuable models for studying phenotypic plasticity and the genetic basis of local adaptation. The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a major forest pest, and adult body size and generation time are 2 traits that vary among populations and directly influence reproductive success and outbreak dynamics. To identify regions of the genome linked to these 2 traits, we generated double-digest RAD sequencing data from an F2 intercross, using populations from 2 Y haplogroups with phenotypic and genetic differences in these traits. A high-density linkage map was generated and QTL analyses performed. We identified a single large effect QTL for generation time, associated with an adult diapause. The QTL spans the entire X chromosome, peaking over the evolutionarily conserved portion of the X. We were unable to detect a significant QTL for body size. Our linkage map identified putative inversions shared by parents that are absent in the published reference genome, with 3 putative inversions on chromosomes 2, 3, and the X. We also detected extensive regions of low recombination that were associated with low gene density, indicative of large pericentromeric regions. Surprisingly, we found that in our cross, F2 males inherited X chromosomes with significantly fewer crossover events than F2 females. Our findings provide information about the recombination landscape, the sex-biased inheritance of recombined X's, and the genomic location of a key trait in a major forest pest.
Journal Article
Muscle fatigue – from motor units to clinical symptoms
Reductionist approaches have provided little insight on the fatigue experienced by humans during activities of daily living. Some of the reasons for this lack of progress include the persistence of outdated concepts, the misinterpretation of experimental recordings, and a failure to embrace a global perspective on fatigue. This paper summarizes the three examples of these limitations that were discussed in the 2011 Muybridge Award lecture: motor unit types and muscle fatigue, myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, and fatigue and fatigability. Although the motor units in a population do exhibit a range of fatigability values, there are not distinct groups of motor units and the concept that some motor units are resistant to fatigue emerged from protocols in which motor units were activated by electrical stimulation rather than voluntary activation. The concept of distinct motor unit types should be abandoned. The second example discussed in the lecture was the use of surface EMG signals to assess fatigue-related adjustments in motor unit activity. The critical assumption with this approach is that the association between surface EMG amplitude and muscle force remains constant during fatiguing contractions. Unfortunately, the relation does not remain constant and a series of computational studies demonstrate the magnitude of the discrepancy, including the absence of an association with the activation signal emerging from the spinal cord and that received by the muscle. The third example concerned the concepts of fatigue and fatigability. It has long been recognized that fatigue involves both sensations and impairments in motor function, and the final part of the lecture urged the integration of the two constructs into a single scheme in which fatigue can be modulated either independently or by interactions between perceptions of fatigue and the mechanisms that establish levels of fatigability. The expectation is that such critical evaluations of the concepts and approaches to the study of fatigue will provide a more effective foundation from which to identify the factors that contribute to fatigue in health and disease.
Journal Article
Reconstructing Woman
Reconstructing Woman explores a scenario common to the works of four major French novelists of the nineteenth century: Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, and Villiers. In the texts of each author, a “new Pygmalion” (as Balzac calls one of his characters) turns away from a real woman he has loved or desired and prefers instead his artificial re-creation of her. All four authors also portray the possibility that this simulacrum, which replaces the woman, could become real. The central chapters examine this plot and its meanings in multiple texts of each author (with the exception of the chapter on Villiers, in which only “L’Eve future” is considered).The premise is that this shared scenario stems from the discovery in the nineteenth century that humans are transformable. Because scientific innovations play a major part in this discovery, Dorothy Kelly reviews some of the contributing trends that attracted one or more of the authors: mesmerism, dissection, transformism, and evolution, new understandings of human reproduction, spontaneous generation, puericulture, the experimental method. These ideas and practices provided the novelists with a scientific context in which controlling, changing, and creating human bodies became imaginable.At the same time, these authors explore the ways in which not only bodies but also identity can be made. In close readings, Kelly shows how these narratives reveal that linguistic and coded social structures shape human identity. Furthermore, through the representation of the power of language to do that shaping, the authors envision that their own texts would perform that function. The symbol of the reconstruction of woman thus embodies the fantasy and desire that their novels could create or transform both reality and their readers in quite literal ways. Through literary analyses, we can deduce from the texts just why this artificial creation is a woman.
eBook
Scientific Study of Magic: Binet’s Pioneering Approach Based on Observations and Chronophotography
In 1894, French psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) published an article titled “The Psychology of Prestidigitation” that reported the results of a study conducted in collaboration with two of the best magicians of that period. By using a new method and new observation techniques, Binet was able to reveal some of the psychological mechanisms involved in magic tricks. Our article begins by presenting Binet's method and the principal professional magicians who participated in his studies. Next, we present the main psychological tools of magicians described by Binet and look at some recent studies dealing with those mechanisms. Finally, we take a look at the innovative technique used by Binet for his study on magic: the chronophotograph.
Journal Article
Parallel Lines as Tools for Making Turbulence Visible
This article discusses how two physicists—Etienne-Jules Marey and Friedrich Ahlborn—visualized turbulence in air and water around 1900. Their depictions are based upon several creative and conceptual presuppositions that can be revealed by comparing the work of the two, each of whom employed a field of parallel-aligned lines to depict results. Their similar means of visualizing comparable phenomena turn out to function differently, however, depending on the differences in the ways these lines were conceived and made.
Journal Article
Kilka obrazów animacji
Artykuł jest próbą zmierzenia się z pojęciem „animacji filmowej” na gruncie kina nieanimowanego. Powołując się na koncepcje teoretyka animacji Alana Holodenki, autor stara się określić relację pomiędzy czynnikiem ruchowym (animacyjnym) a obrazowym (kadr, fotografia) dzieła filmowego. Analiza wybranych utworów przedkinematograficznych (w tym przypadku chronofotografii będących efektem eksperymentów prowadzonych u schyłku XIX wieku przez Etienne-Jules Marey’a) posłużyła do wyodrębnienia charakterystycznych dla animacji wyznaczników. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytania: czym może być animacja w filmie nieanimowanym? czy uprawnione jest mówienie o animacji w filmie nieanimowanym? Jeżeli tak, to jaki jest jej status, a także w jaki sposób się objawia? Próba odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania mieści się w stwierdzeniu stanowiącym niejako tezę całego artykułu: animacja nie jest jedynie gatunkiem filmowym, nie jest więc filmową podkategorią; to raczej film w animacji partycypuje, czerpiąc z niej element dla siebie istotny: elementem tym jest ruch.
Journal Article
