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ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OCEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
Marine renewable energy promises to assist in the effort to reduce carbon emissions worldwide. As with any large-scale development in the marine environment, however, it comes with uncertainty about potential environmental impacts, most of which have not been adequately evaluated—in part because many of the devices have yet to be deployed and tested. We review the nature of environmental and, more specifically, ecological effects of the development of diverse types of marine renewable energy—covering marine wind, wave, tidal, ocean current, and thermal gradient—and discuss the current state of knowledge or uncertainty on how these effects may be manifested. Many of the projected effects are common with other types of development in the marine environment; for example, additional structures lead to concerns for entanglement, habitat change, and community change. Other effects are relatively unique to marine energy conversion, and specific to the type of energy being harnessed, the individual device type, or the reduction in energy in marine systems. While many potential impacts are unavoidable but measurable, we would argue it is possible (and necessary) to minimize others through careful device development and site selection; the scale of development, however, will lead to cumulative effects that we must understand to avoid environmental impacts. Renewable energy developers, regulators, scientists, engineers, and ocean stakeholders must work together to achieve the common dual objectives of clean renewable energy and a healthy marine environment.
Journal Article
Sea of greed : a novel from the Numa files
\"After an explosion in the Gulf of Mexico destroys three oil rigs trying to revive a dying field, Kurt Austin and the NUMA Special Projects Team are tapped by the President of the United States to find out what's gone wrong. The trail leads them to a brilliant billionaire in the alternative energy field. Her goal is the end of the oil age; her company has spent billions developing the worlds' most advanced fuel-cell systems. But is she an environmental hero...or a rogue genetic engineer?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Marine Application of Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review
Components and structures working in the marine environment are exposed to high stresses attributable to the action of wind, waves, and tides. Moreover, they have to face hostile and severe environmental conditions during their lifetime, being placed in the splash zone if not even submerged in saltwater. The application of polymer composites in marine systems has been the focus of intensive studies in the last decades, highlighting potential benefits given by the replacement of several components, such as ship hulls, propeller blades, wind, and tidal turbine blades, to cite but a few. The present paper reports the latest advances in this area, addressing the applications of advanced composites in ships and ship components, offshore oil and gas composites, marine renewable energy and underwater repairing.
Journal Article
The role of global collaboration in environmental technology development, natural resources, and marine energy generation technologies toward carbon neutrality in knowledge-based economies
This study aims to explore the influence of renewable energy consumption (REC), global collaboration in environmental technology development (GCETD), gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC), marine energy generation technologies (MGT), trade openness (TDOT), natural resources (NRs), and carbon dioxide emissions (CO
2
e) in 34 selected knowledge-based economies from 1990 to 2020. The results show that MGT and REC, an environmentally friendly source of energy, are positively connected with zero carbon emissions, reflecting the ability to serve as an alternative energy option for a sustainable environment. In addition, the study reveals that NRS, such as the accessibility of hydrocarbon resources, can have a positive effect on CO
2
e, implying that the unsustainable use of NRs may lead to the expansion of CO
2
e. Additionally, the study pinpoints that GDPPC and TDOT, as a gauge of economic expansion, play an essential part in a carbon–neutral future, suggesting that greater amounts of commercial success could result in greater ecological sustainability. The results also show that GCETD is linked to lower CO
2
e. This means that working together on an international level helps to improve environmental technologies and slow down the effects of global warming. It is suggested that governments should focus on and encourages GCETD, the use of REC, and TDOT to speed up the path toward zero emissions. Also, decision-makers should think about backing research and development investments in MGT as a potential way to reach zero CO
2
e in a knowledge-based economies.
Journal Article
Waste Heat Utilization in Marine Energy Systems for Enhanced Efficiency
The maritime industry, central to global trade, faces critical challenges related to energy efficiency and environmental sustainability due to significant energy loss from waste heat in marine engines. This review investigates the potential of waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce emissions in marine systems. By analyzing major WHR methods, such as heat exchangers, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems, thermoelectric generators, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems, this work highlights the specific advantages, limitations, and practical considerations of each approach. Unique to this review is an examination of WHR performance in confined marine spaces and compatibility with existing ship components, providing essential insights for practical implementation. Findings emphasize WHR as a viable strategy to reduce fuel consumption and meet environmental regulations, contributing to a more sustainable maritime industry.
Journal Article
Marine Renewable Energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Status and Perspectives
In this work, an extended overview of the marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean Sea is provided as regards current status, potential problems, challenges, and perspectives of development. An integrated and holistic approach is necessary for the economic viability and sustainability of marine renewable energy projects; this approach comprises three different frameworks, not always aligned, i.e., geotechnical/engineering, socio-economic, and environmental/ecological frameworks. In this context, the geomorphological, climatological, socio-economic, and environmental/ecological particularities of the Mediterranean basin are discussed, as they constitute key issues of the spatial context in which marine renewable energy projects are to be implemented. General guidelines for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean are also provided.
Journal Article
Numerical analysis of flow configuration and channel design for thermoelectric OTEC systems
This research examines the optimized integration of Bi₂Te₃-based thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems, evaluating their performance via detailed numerical analysis. We conducted finite element simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze thermoelectric generators (TEGs) placed between a warm surface and cold deep seawater channels under different operational conditions. The research examined parallel and counter flow configurations at Reynolds numbers between 3987 and 73,800, with channel heights varying from 0.002 to 0.072 m. Results indicate that Reynolds numbers above 12,000 ensure stable heat supply to TEGs, resulting in a consistent output power of 3.01 W. The optimal net power of 1.45 W was attained at a channel height of 0.002 m, attributed to reduced pump power consumption. A comparative analysis of Bi₂Te₃-based material combinations demonstrated that improved electrical and decreased thermal conductivity notably enhanced system performance. This study offers essential insights for improving the design and implementation of TEG-OTEC systems, especially in offshore contexts where operational efficiency and system durability are critical, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable ocean energy technologies.
Journal Article
A Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Analysis of a Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) Plant in Tuxpan, Mexico
The transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires the adoption of emerging renewable technologies that can diversify energy matrices and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) plant for Salinity Gradient Energy (SGE) generation on the coast of Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico. This area has significant freshwater and seawater resources but high fossil-fuel dependence. A conceptual design was developed considering local hydrological and salinity conditions, membrane performance, and pre-treatment requirements. The analysis applied Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Net Present Value (NPV) methodologies to six water source combinations. Results indicate that the most favorable scenario, combining effluents from the municipal wastewater treatment plant and the Tuxpan river mouth, achieved the highest potential energy yield. However, high capital (USD 1.54 million) and operational costs resulted in negative NPVs, limiting short-term economic viability. Environmental assessment suggests RED could improve water quality and reduce pollutant discharge, though potential construction and operational impacts require mitigation. Despite current cost barriers, RED integration in coastal regions with similar characteristics offers a promising pathway for clean energy generation and environmental restoration, particularly if coupled with cost-reduction strategies and policy incentives.
Journal Article
Marine Biofouling: A European Database for the Marine Renewable Energy Sector
Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specific concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is the fact that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. To enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles in one document qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with MRE and related marine equipment, in different European Ecoregions. It provides information on the occurrence of fouling species and data on key biofouling parameters, such as biofouling thickness and weight. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are more susceptible to at a given site, to facilitate informed decisions. In addition, the biofouling mapping is useful for the development of biosecurity risk management plans as well as academic research.
Journal Article