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"Marine invertebrates"
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Marine minibeasts
Marine minibeasts are oceanic animals with no backbones. They might look like flowers, bugs, stars, or snails, but they are all perfectly suited for life in the sea.
Book
Antifouling Compounds from Marine Invertebrates
In this review, a comprehensive overview about the antifouling compounds from marine invertebrates is described. In total, more than 198 antifouling compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals.
Journal Article
Giant tube worms and other interesting invertebrates
This book examines giant tube worms, along with other invertebrates, that live in the deep ocean.
Book
Inbreeding shapes the evolution of marine invertebrates
Inbreeding is a potent evolutionary force shaping the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations of plants and animals. Yet, our understanding of the forces shaping the expression and evolution of nonrandom mating in general, and inbreeding in particular, remains remarkably incomplete. Most research on plant mating systems focuses on self-fertilization and its consequences for automatic selection, inbreeding depression, purging, and reproductive assurance, whereas studies of animal mating systems have often assumed that inbreeding is rare, and that natural selection favors traits that promote outbreeding. Given that many sessile and sedentary marine invertebrates and marine macroalgae share key life history features with seed plants (e.g., low mobility, modular construction, and the release of gametes into the environment), their mating systems may be similar. Here, we show that published estimates of inbreeding coefficients (F
IS) for sessile and sedentary marine organisms are similar and at least as high as noted in terrestrial seed plants. We also found that variation in FIS within invertebrates is related to the potential to selffertiliz, disperse, and choose mates. The similarity of F
IS for these organismal groups suggests that inbreeding could play a larger role in the evolution of sessile and sedentary marine organisms than is currently recognized. Specifically, associations between traits of marine invertebrates and F
IS suggest that inbreeding could drive evolutionary transitions between hermaphroditism and separate sexes, direct development and multiphasic life cycles, and external and internal fertilization.
Journal Article
Blue-ringed octopuses
This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the venomous blue-ringed octopus of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Readers learn how these octopi use their colorful rings or stripes to warn predators and how they use venom to kill their prey.
Book
Long-term home ranging in the large sea cucumber, Holothuria fuscopunctata
Long-term movements of adult marine animals predicate spatial management measures. Sea cucumbers are intensely exploited worldwide, yet few studies have assessed their long-term movement potential. Elephant trunkfish, Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata, is a large coral reef holothuroid. At four sites at Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, we photographically marked and georeferenced 36 H. fuscopunctata, ranging 1.4–5.1 kg in weight. In broader searches one year later, we recaptured 92% of the animals. Their displacements were comparable among sites and averaged 8.7 m yr−1. None of the movements could be characterised as nomadic; the maximum displacement was 21 m. Contrary to expectations, smaller animals tended to roam further than larger animals (p = 0.025). Our study shows that certain large-bodied sea cucumbers might not displace far over annual timescales. This empirical evidence of home ranging reshapes our understanding of echinoderm mobility and reveals a behaviour that would exacerbate Allee effects at low population densities.
Journal Article
Box jellyfish
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the venomous box jellyfish of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Readers learn how these jellies use venom to kill prey and as a protection against predators. Also explains where they live and what to do when they are encountered\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Limited complementarity of functional and taxonomic diversity in Chilean benthic marine invertebrates
Aim Patterns of benthic biodiversity at the macroecological scale remain poorly characterised throughout the Chilean latitudinal gradient, in part due to the lack of integrated databases, uneven sampling effort, and the use of species richness alone to quantify biodiversity. Different diversity measures, encompassing taxonomic and functional components, may give us extra information on biodiversity relevant to conservation planning and management. Thus, evaluating the spatial complementarity of these measures is essential. Location Coast and continental shelf of Chile. Methods The latitudinal gradient of Chile was divided into five ecoregions according to the Marine Ecosystems of the World classification. Using a 55 × 55 km equal area grid, we estimated the incidence coverage‐based estimator (ICE), taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and three measures of functional diversity: functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv). For each measure, we described spatial patterns, identified hotspots, evaluated hotspot congruence and evaluated complementarity between measures. Results Diversity patterns varied between ecoregions and over the latitudinal gradient. ICE and Δ+ peaked in the Chiloense and Channels and Fjords ecoregions. Δ+ and FRic present a similar pattern at mid‐latitudes. FEve showed a contrary pattern, principally with FRic. Areas with high numbers of hotspots differed spatially according to each metric, and three latitudinal bands were observed. ICE, Δ+ and FRic were positively correlated, but the hotspot overlap at the grid cell level was more limited. Main Conclusions The complementarity between taxonomic and functional diversity measures is limited when we observe the overlap between grid cells representing hotspots. However, some regions are consistently identified as highly diverse, with the Magellanic Province (Chiloense and Channels and Fjords ecoregions) being the most important for the richness, taxonomic and functional diversity of benthos. Confirmation of the importance of this region can help prioritise conservation efforts.
Journal Article
Many things under a rock : the mysteries of octopuses
A behavioral ecologist's account of his decades-long obsession with octopuses: his discoveries, adventures, and his scientific understanding of their behaviors. Of all the creatures of the deep blue, none is as captivating as the octopus. In this book, a marine biologist investigates four major mysteries about these elusive beings. How can we study an animal with perfect camouflage and secretive habitats? How does a soft and boneless creature defeat sharks and eels, while thriving as a predator of the most heavily armored animals in the sea? How do octopus bodies work? And how does a solitary animal form friendships, entice mates, and outwit rivals? Over the course of his twenty-five years studying octopuses, the author has witnessed a sea change in what we know and are able to discover about octopus physiology and behavior - even an octopus's inner life. Here, he explores amazing scientific developments, weaving accounts of his own research and surprising encounters with stories and legends of Indigenous peoples - tales that illuminate our relationship with these creatures across centuries. In doing so, the author reveals a deep affinity between humans and even the most unusual and unique undersea dwellers. Octopuses are complex, emotional, and cognitive beings; even as the author unearths explanations for the key mysteries that have driven his work, he turns up many more things of wonder that lurk underneath. This is the story of what we have learned - and what we are still learning - about the natural history and wondrous lives of these animals with whom we share our blue planet. -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Structure Diversity and Properties of Some Bola-like Natural Products
In their shapes, molecules of some bipolar metabolites resemble the so-called bola, a hunting weapon of the South American inhabitants, consisting of two heavy balls connected to each other by a long flexible cord. Herein, we discuss the structures and properties of these natural products (bola-like compounds or bolaamphiphiles), containing two polar terminal fragments and a non-polar chain (or chains) between them, from archaea, bacteria, and marine invertebrates. Additional modifications of core compounds of this class, for example, interchain and intrachain cyclization, hydroxylation, methylation, etc., expand the number of known metabolites of this type, providing their great structural variety. Isolation of such complex compounds individually is problematic, since they usually exist as mixtures of regioisomers and stereoisomers, that are very difficult to be separated. The main approaches to the study of their structures combine various methods of HPLC/MS or GC/MS, 2D-NMR experiments and organic synthesis. The recent identification of new enzymes, taking part in their biosynthesis and metabolism, made it possible to understand molecular aspects of their origination and some features of evolution during geological times. The promising properties of these metabolites, such as their ability to self-assemble and stabilize biological or artificial membranes, and biological activities, attract additional attention to them.
Journal Article